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27 results for “Protea”
Fig. 7 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Fig. 7. Proteaphila pajori sp. n., ♂: (A) habitus image showing intricately patterned wings with reticulated brown markings, scale bar = 1 mm; (B) head, dorsal view, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (C) thorax, dorsal view, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (D) head, lateral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 6 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Fig. 6. Proteaphila maculosa sp. n., ♂: (A) habitus image showing intricately patterned wings with longitudinal brown markings, scale bar = 1 mm; (B) head, dorsal view, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (C) thorax, dorsal view, scale bar = 1 mm; (D) head, lateral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Figs 1, 2 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Figs 1, 2. (1) Proteaphila stuckenbergorum sp. n., dorsal aspect of head, showing deployment of alveoli and postfrontal vittae, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (2A) schematic illustration of thorax (lateral view); (2B) schematic illustration of thoracic vittae; (2C) dorsal view of thorax, scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 14 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Fig. 14. Proteaphila stuckenbergorum sp. n., ♀ terminalia: (A) dorsal view; (B) lateral view; (C–E) abdominal tip, dorsal (C), ventral (D), and lateral (E) views. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Fig. 10 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Fig. 10. Proteaphila pajori sp. n., ♂ terminalia: (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) lateral view (note the extremely large, apically recurved aedeagus and bulbous surstyli). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 5 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Fig. 5. Wings of Proteaphila: (A) fumose wing of P. stuckenbergorum sp. n.; (B) reticulate, patterned wing of P. pajori sp. n.; (C) longitudinally marked wing of P. maculosa sp. n.; (D) P. pajori sp. n., apex of right wing showing sapromyziform costa, i.e. stout costal setulae terminating well before apex of R4+5 (fine costal setulae not shown).
Fig. 8 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Fig. 8. Proteaphila stuckenbergorum sp. n., ♂: (A) habitus image showing fumose wings; (B) head, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figs 3, 4 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Figs 3, 4. (3) Schematic illustration of inner ♂ genitalia: (3A) Proteaphila maculosa sp. n., dorsal view; (3B) P. stuckenbergorum sp. n., ventral view; (4) lateral view of the different head shapes: (4A) P. stuckenbergorum sp. n., (4B) P. pajori sp. n., (4C) P. maculosa sp. n.
Fig. 13 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Fig. 13. Proteaphila pajori sp. n., ♀ terminalia: (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 9 in A new genus of lauxaniid fly from South Africa (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lauxaniidae), associated with proteas (Proteaceae)
Fig. 9. Proteaphila maculosa sp. n., ♂ terminalia: (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Data from: Isolation by distance and isolation by environment contribute to population differentiation in Protea repens (Proteaceae L.), a widespread South African species
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa is renowned for its botanical diversity, but the evolutionary origins of this diversity remain controversial. Both neutral and adaptive processes have been implicated in driving diversification, but population-level studies of plants in the CFR are rare. Here, we investigate the limits to gene flow and potential environmental drivers of selection in Protea repens L. (Proteaceae L.), a widespread CFR species. METHODS: We sampled 19 populations across the range of P. repens and used genotyping by sequencing to identify 2066 polymorphic loci in 663 individuals. We used a Bayesian FST outlier analysis to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marking genomic regions that may be under selection; we used those SNPs to identify potential drivers of selection and excluded them from analyses of gene flow and genetic structure. RESULTS: A pattern of isolation by distance suggested limited gene flow between nearby populations. The populations of P. repens fell naturally into two or three groupings, which corresponded to an east-west split. Differences in rainfall seasonality contributed to diversification in highly divergent loci, as do barriers to gene flow that have been identified in other species. CONCLUSIONS: The strong pattern of isolation by distance is in contrast to the findings in the only other widespread species in the CFR that has been similarly studied, while the effects of rainfall seasonality are consistent with well-known patterns. Assessing the generality of these results will require investigations of other CFR species.
Data from: Correlated evolution between climate and suites of traits along a fast-slow continuum in the radiation of Protea
Evolutionary radiations are responsible for much of Earth's diversity, yet the causes of these radiations are often elusive. Determining the relative roles of adaptation and geographic isolation in diversification is vital to understanding the causes of any radiation, and whether a radiation may be labeled as 'adaptive' or not. Across many groups of plants, trait-climate relationships suggest that traits are an important indicator of how plants adapt to different climates. In particular, analyses of plant functional traits in global databases suggest that there is an "economics spectrum" along which combinations of functional traits covary along a fast-slow continuum. We examine evolutionary associations among traits and between trait and climate variables on a strongly supported phylogeny in the iconic plant genus Protea to identify correlated evolution of functional traits and the climatic-niches that species occupy. Results indicate that trait diversification in Protea has climate associations along two axes of variation: correlated evolution of plant size with temperature and leaf investment with rainfall. Evidence suggests that traits and climatic-niches evolve in similar ways, although some of these associations are inconsistent with global patterns on a broader phylogenetic scale. When combined with previous experimental work suggesting that trait-climate associations are adaptive in Protea, the results presented here suggest that trait diversification in this radiation is adaptive.
Sequencing data: Fungi, fire and insects: Protea infructescences as reservoirs for fungal biodiversity in fire-prone environments
<p>This is the dataset for a submitted manuscript entitled "Fungi, fire and insects: <em>Protea</em> infructescences as reservoirs for fungal biodiversity in fire-prone environments".</p> <p>The upload contains all forward and reverse paired end .fastq files. The files are already demultiplexed. The metadata.xlsx file contains sample information, gps coordinates, etc.</p> <p> </p>
Interactions between protea plants and their animal mutualists and antagonists are structured more by energetic than morphological trait matching
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Traits mediate mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and animals, and should thus be useful for predicting trophic species interactions. Studies to date have examined the importance of morphological trait matching for plant-animal interactions, but have rarely explored the extent to which these interactions are shaped by matching between energetic provisions of plants and energetic demands of animals.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We tested whether energetic and/or morphological trait matching shapes interactions between <em>Protea</em> plant species and their interacting animal mutualists and antagonists in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We recorded interactions between 22 <em>Protea</em> species, pollinating insects, and vertebrates as well as seed predators (endophagous insect larvae in protea cones) at 21 study sites. To relate species interactions to matching trait pairs, we measured key morphological traits (shape and size of flower heads and seed cones, and mouth part length as well as body length) and quantified the animals' energetic demands (metabolic rate) together with the plants' energetic provisions (nectar sugar amount, seed-to-cone mass ratio). We calculated log ratios of both energetic and morphological traits between animals and plants as predictor variables for the number of observed interactions between <em>Protea</em> species and their animal interaction partners.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>For both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, we found significant effects of morphological and energetic trait ratios on the interactions between plants and animals. Trait ratios accounted for 11% to 22% of the variation in species interactions. Consistent with energetic trait matching, we found a hump-shaped relationship between interaction frequency and log ratios of energetic traits of animals and plants, indicating that interactions were most frequent at intermediate log ratios between energetic demand and provision. Effects of morphological trait ratios on interactions were statistically supported in most cases but were variable in the magnitude and shape of the predicted relationships. </span></p> <p><span>Across animal taxa and interaction types, energetic traits had more consistent effects on interactions between plants and animals than morphological traits. This suggests that energy can function as an important interaction currency and facilitate the understanding and prediction of trophic species interactions.</span></p>
Data from: Isolation by distance and isolation by environment contribute to population differentiation in Protea repens (Proteaceae L.), a widespread South African species
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Data from: Correlated evolution between climate and suites of traits along a fast-slow continuum in the radiation of Protea
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Interactions between protea plants and their animal mutualists and antagonists are structured more by energetic than morphological trait matching
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Protea repens whole transcriptome count data for control and drought treatment for 8 populations, climatic data for the 8 populations and phenotypic data collected, and data used for linear mixed models for climate gene expression/trait correlation testing
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Data from: Anchored phylogenomics improves the resolution of evolutionary relationships in the rapid radiation of Protea L.
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Estimating phylogenetic relationships in relatively recent evolutionary radiations is challenging, especially if short branches associated with recent divergence result in multiple gene tree histories. We combine anchored enrichment next-generation sequencing with species tree analyses to produce a robust estimate of phylogenetic relationships in the genus Protea (Proteaceae), an iconic radiation in South Africa. METHODS: We sampled multiple individuals within 59 out of 112 species of Protea and 6 outgroup species for a total of 163 individuals, and obtained sequences for 498 low-copy, orthologous nuclear loci using anchored phylogenomics. We compare several approaches for building species trees, and explore gene tree–species tree discrepancies to determine whether poor phylogenetic resolution reflects a lack of informative sites, incomplete lineage sorting, or hybridization. KEY RESULTS: Phylogenetic estimates from species tree approaches are similar to one another and recover previously well-supported clades within Protea, in addition to providing well-supported phylogenetic hypotheses for previously poorly resolved intrageneric relationships. Individual gene trees are markedly different from one another and from species trees. Nonetheless, analyses indicate that differences among gene trees occur primarily concerning clades supported by short branches. CONCLUSIONS: Species tree methods using hundreds of nuclear loci provided strong support for many previously unresolved relationships in the radiation of the genus Protea. In cases where support for particular relationships remains low, these appear to arise from few informative sites and lack of information rather than strongly supported disagreement among gene trees.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Dialeurolobus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Protea nitida in South Africa
FIGURE 1. Dialeurolobus proteae sp. nov. Stylized drawing of puparium showing general distribution of dorsal pores and setae. (A) detail of dorsal pore and porette, (B) detail of subdorsal abdominal seta.
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