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Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland

Fig. 1. Sampling sites of Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (large filled circles) and Psenulus schencki (Tournier, 1889) (squares) used for the DNA barcode sequencing of the mitochondrial cox1 locus. Small filled circles show georeferenced distribution records of P. fulvicornis with confirmed determinations by Schmid-Egger (2002) together with newer records by Gayubo et al. (2012), Mokrousov & Popov (2016), Reder & Niehuis (2014), Standfuss & Standfuss (2012) and Zsolt (2008). The triangle represents the undetermined specimen (PSC-7) from Pisa, Italy.

Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland

Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood tree showing the phylogenetic relationships within Psenulus taxa based on cox1 and the GTR+G substitution model. All bifurcations with bootstrap values below 60% were collapsed. The bold black lines indicate bootstrap of at least 70% and the thick grey bifurcations 60-70%. Both Diodontus minutus (Fabricius, 1793) and Pemphredon lethifer (Shuckard, 1837) sequences root this tree. Specimens are labelled with the sample ID, their GenBank accession number or the Barcode Identification Number of the BOLD System, and the collection site if known (see supplementary Table S1). Six lineages I–VI were found within the P. fulvicornis-Group.

Fig. 9 in Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine

Fig. 9. Features of the last instar larva of Omalus sculpticollis: a — head, front view; b–d — left mandible (b — external side, c — top view, d — internal view). Рис. 9. Особенности строения личинки последнего возраста Omalus sculpticollis: a — голова, вид спереди; b–d — левая мандибула (b — вид снаружи, c — вид сверху, d — вид изнутри).

Fig. 8 in Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine

Fig. 8. Cocoons of the chrysidid wasps in the genus Omalus: a — O. auratus (from Danks, 1971); b — O. pusillus; c — O. auratus; d — O. violaceus (as O. coeruleus) (b, c, d — from Buysson, 1891); e — Omalus sp. (from Linsenmaier, 1972). Рис. 8. Коконы представителей рода Omalus: a — O. auratus (по Danks, 1971); b — O. pusillus; c — O. auratus; d — O. violaceus (как O. coeruleus) (b, c, d — по: Buysson, 1891); e — Omalus sp. (по: Linsenmaier, 1972).

Fig. 4 in Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine

Fig. 4. Sexual dimorphism in Omalus sculpticollis: a — tergum III, top view; b — tergum III, side view; c — metasoma, side view; d — flagellum and pedicellum. Рис. 4. Половой диморфизм у Omalus sculpticollis: а — тергит III, вид сверху; b — тергит III, вид сбоку; с — метасома, вид сбоку; d — жгутик и поворотный членик усика.

Fig. 3 in Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine

Fig. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, female, dorsal view and microsculpture of mesosoma. Рис. 3. Omalus sculpticollis, самка, вид сверху и микроскульптура мезосомы.

Fig. 1 in Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine

Fig. 1: a — the landscape of the Karadag Nature Reserve; b — the Fabre's hive (photo by S. P. Ivanov). Рис. 1: a — ландшафт Карадагского природного заповедника; b — улей Фабра (фото С. П. Иванова).

Fig. 7 in Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine

Fig. 7. Cocoon of Omalus sculpticollis: a — general view, part of circular band and excrements are removed; b — scheme of structure (1 — collar, 2 — circular band, 3 — arch, 4 — septum, 5 — nipple, 6 — cocoon proper, 7 — pubescence, 8 — excrements); c — cross section of nipple; d — scheme showing the cocoon after imago's going out; e — scheme of inverted position of arch. Рис. 7. Кокон Omalus sculpticollis: a — общий вид, часть круговой полосы и экскрементов удалены; b — схема строения (1 — воротничок, 2 — круговая полоса, 3 — свод, 4 — перегородка, 5 — сосочек, 6 — собственно кокон, 7 — опушение, 8 — экскременты); c — поперечный срез через сосочек; d — схема, показывающая кокон после выхода имаго; e — схема инвертированного положения свода.

Fig. 2 in Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine

Fig. 2. Reproductive success and mortality of Psenulus fuscipennis progeny caused by different enemy species and other affects (in terms of number of cells). Рис. 2. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства Psenulus fuscipennis от различных видов врагов и других факторов (в перерасчёте на количество ячеек).

Fig. 5 in Omalus Sculpticollis As The Main Enemy Of Psenulus Fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Crabronidae) In The Crimea, Ukraine

Fig. 5. Reproductive success and mortality of Omalus sculpticollis progeny caused by hyperparasites and unknown affects (in terms of number of cocoons). Рис. 5. Репродуктивный успех и гибель потомства Omalus sculpticollis от гиперпаразитов и неизвестных причин (в перерасчете на количество коконов).

Supplementary Table S1 in Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland

Supplementary Table S1 Collection information for sequences produced in our lab. Sequences acquired from GenBank (GB) or the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) are listed below.

Supplementary Figure S1 in Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland

Supplementary Figure S1 Phylogenetic tree representing species of the wasp genus Psenulus (Kohl, 1897). Bayesian analysis was based on cox1 sequences (201 polymorphic nucleotides out of 637 sites), including 37 Psenulus and five outgroup specimens [Diodontus minutus (Fabricius, 1793) and Pemphredon lethifer (Shuckard, 1837)]. The analysis was performed with the substitution model GTR+G, estimated with jModelTest 0.1.1, and run in two chains with 5 million generations each. After discarding the burn-in, 37,501 trees were sampled of a total of 100,002 trees from both chain files. Bifurcations with posterior probabilities of <0.9 were collapsed, except for branches with ambiguous Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian results (thick grey bifurcations). All thick black branches represent posterior probabilities of at least 0.99. Specimens are labelled with the specimen ID, the GenBank accession number or the Barcode Index Number BIN of the BOLD System.

Fig. 4. Cox1 polymorphic sites within a 561 in Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland

Fig. 4. Cox1 polymorphic sites within a 561 bp alignment of the P. fulvicornis-Group. Vertical numbers indicate the position of the segregation site in the alignment. Of 561 sites 539 were invariable, 10 singleton variable, and 12 parsimony informative sites. At position 543 of the alignment were three mutations, and replacements at the positions 178 and 472 were nonsynonymous (asterisks). Specimens are arranged according to their genetic distance. The Caucasian specimen PSC-11 was divergent from P. fulvicornis and P. schencki but it was similarly distant to both. Specimens are labelled with the specimen ID, the GenBank accession number or the Barcode Identification Number of the BOLD System (see supplementary Table S1). Rectangles include specimens belonging to the clades I–VI in the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 5).

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland

Fig. 3. Main discriminant characters between females of Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) and P. schencki (Tournier, 1889). (A) Propodeal surface and (B) pygidial area of P. fulvicornis from the City of Zurich, Switzerland (D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039438). (C) Propodeal surface and (D) pygidial area of P. schencki from the City of Zurich (25.05.2015; D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039439). In P. fulvicornis, the lateral surface of the propodeum (A) has short crosswise carinas which gives the texture coarse appearance. This character is unique among females of Central European Psenulus. In P. schencki such crosswise carinas are lacking (C), and the texture is finer. The pygidal area is longer and broader in P. fulvicornis (B) than in P. schencki (D), but this character can be difficult to observe in certain specimens.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic notes on the rare Mediterranean digger wasp Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) new to Switzerland

Fig. 2. (A) Female Psenulus fulvicornis (Schenck, 1857) from the City of Zurich, Switzerland (D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039438). (B) Female Psenulus schencki (Tournier, 1889) from the City of Zurich (25.05.2015; D. Frey & A. Zanetta leg.; M. Řiha det.; R. Neumeyer conf.; WSL coll; GenBank accession Nr. KY039439). Note the (barely visible) oblong spot at the lower end of the mid-tibia, which is a unique and shared character for both taxa among Central European Psenulus species (Jacobs, 2007).

Figure 8 from: Taylor CK, Barthélémy C, Chi RCS, Guénard B (2020) Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832

Figure 8 Females, head in dorsal view 8AP. carinifrons rohweri8BP. continentis8CP. ephippius sp. nov., holotype 8DP. gibbus sp. nov.; holotype 8EP. maculatus maculatus8FP. pallens sp. nov., holotype.

Figure 5 from: Taylor CK, Barthélémy C, Chi RCS, Guénard B (2020) Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832

Figure 5 Males, lateral habitus of males 5AP. carinifrons rohweri5BP. continentis5CP. ephippius sp. nov., paratype 5DP. gibbus sp. nov.; paratype 5EP. maculatus maculatus5FP. pallens sp. nov., paratype.

Figure 4 from: Taylor CK, Barthélémy C, Chi RCS, Guénard B (2020) Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832

Figure 4 Females, lateral habitus 4AP. carinifrons rohweri4BP. continentis4CP. ephippius sp. nov., holotype 4DP. gibbus sp. nov., holotype 4EP. maculatus maculatus4FP. pallens sp. nov., holotype.

Figure 9 from: Taylor CK, Barthélémy C, Chi RCS, Guénard B (2020) Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832

Figure 9 Males, head in dorsal view 9AP. carinifrons rohweri9BP. continentis9CP. ephippius sp. nov., paratype 9DP. gibbus sp. nov.; paratype 9EP. maculatus maculatus9FP. pallens sp. nov., paratype.

Figure 3 from: Taylor CK, Barthélémy C, Chi RCS, Guénard B (2020) Review of Psenulus species (Hymenoptera, Psenidae) in the Hong Kong SAR, with description of three new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 79: 169-211. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.79.55832

Figure 3 Psenulus spp. measurements and morphological terms, ♀ 3A Face frontal view, Psenulus gibbus, CL: Clypeus length, Fw1: Frons ventral width, Fw2: Frons dorsal width, Int. car.: Interantennal carina, Cly.: Clypeus 3B Vertex Psenulus gibbus, POD: Post-ocellar distance, OOD: Ocellar-ocular distance 3C Mesosoma lateral view, P. continentis, MH: Mesosoma height, ML: Mesosoma length, MScu: Mesoscutum, Teg.: tegula, Pr.: Pronotum, Mes.: Mesopleuron, Epi. sul.: Episternal sulcus, Ep. car.: Epicnemial carina, Mes. sut.: Mesopleural suture, Met.: Metanotum, Pro.: Propodeum 3D Mesoscutum dorsal view, P. pallens, Ow: Occipital width, MW: Mesosoma width, Pre. sut.: Prescutal suture 3E Propodeum dorsal view, P. pallens, Pro. Enc.: Propodeal enclosure 3F Petiole and T1, lateral view, P. continentis, PL: Petiole length, PH: Petiole height, THH: T1 hump height 3G Fore wing, P. continentis, 1SM: 1st Submarginal cell, 2SM: 2nd Submarginal cell, etc., 1m-cu: 1st recurrent vein, 2m-cu: 2nd recurrent vein.