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Figures 25–28 in Complements to the morphology of Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, 2007 (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae) based on scanning electron microscopy

Figures 25–28: Chaerilus celebensis Pocock, female from Indonesia. 25. Left pecten, global view. 26. Microstructure of peg sensillae on teeth. 27–28. Peg sensillae in detail at different magnifications.

Figures 9–16 in Complements to the morphology of Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, 2007 (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae) based on scanning electron microscopy

Figures 9–16: Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, male paratype. 9–10. Femur, dorsal aspect. 11. Chela hand, dorsoexternal aspect. 12. Fixed and movable fingers of chela, dorso-external aspect. 13. Patella, dorsal aspect. 14. Basitarsi and telotarsi of leg IV, showing spurs. 15. Telotarsi of leg IV with a pair of ventrosubmedian rows of spinules. 16. Tibial spur in detail.

Figures 1–8 in Complements to the morphology of Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, 2007 (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae) based on scanning electron microscopy

Figures 1–8: Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, male paratype. 1. Carapace and chelicerae, dorsal aspect. 2. Carapace, lateral aspect, showing the small lateral ocelli (arrow). 3. Chelicera, dorsal aspect. 4. Sternum and genital operculum. 5. Sternites IV and V showing spiracles. 6. Spiracle in detail (arrow). 7–8. Metasomal segment V and telson, lateral and ventral aspects.

Figures 17–24 in Complements to the morphology of Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, 2007 (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae) based on scanning electron microscopy

Figures 17–24: Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço, male paratype. 17. Left pecten, global view. 18–19. Microstructure of peg sensillae on teeth. 20–24. Peg sensillae in detail at different magnifications.

Figures 60–61 in A new scorpion genus and species from China, Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae)

Figures 60–61: Figure 60. Map showing the type locality of Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n. and several potential localities. ★: type locality, Zhongping Village, Wumeng Township, Luquan County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province; ▲: a student found an individual in 2022 on his way to Sichuan Electromechanical Institute of Vocation and Technology, Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province; ▼: a collector found an adult female in the soil in Hongge Town, Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, in 2022; ■: an observer found an individual in 2019, Hejiangmen Square, Yibin City, Cuiping District, Sichuan Province; ●: Shekuai Village, Dongchuan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province; ⬢: an individual found at a construction site in 2020, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, accurate location unknown. Figure 61. Map showing the type locality of Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n. (★) and the confirmed localities of other Pseudochactidae species: Pseudochactas (inverse triangle), Troglokhammouanus (square), Aemngvantom (circle) and Vietbocap (triangle). P. mischi (▼), P. ovchinnikovi (▼); T. steineri (■); A. lao (●), A. thamnongpaseuam (●); V. canhi (▲).

Figures 56–59 in A new scorpion genus and species from China, Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae)

Figures 56–59: Figure 56. Photo of an individual found in Hejiangmen Square, Yibin, Cuiping, Sichuan (licensed image). Figures 57–59: The natural habitat in the type locality (photographs by He Hao). Figure 57. Pudu River and the hillsides on both banks. Figure 58. The tree where the male specimen was collected. Figure 59. The path on the low cliff at the bank of Pudu River.

Figures 5–8 in A new scorpion genus and species from China, Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae)

Figures 5–8: Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n., female holotype, carapace (5, 7) and tergites I–V (6, 8). Figures 5–6. Carapace (5) and tergites I–V (6), under white light. Figures 7–8. Carapace (7) and tergites I–V (8), under UV light.

Figures 3–4 in A new scorpion genus and species from China, Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae)

Figures 3–4: Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov, 1998, female from Babatag Mountains, Uzbekistan; photos provided by G. Lowe. Figure 3. Carapace under white light. Figure 4. Carapace under UV light.

Figures 47–55 in A new scorpion genus and species from China, Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae)

Figures 47–55: Figures 47–49: Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n., female holotype prior to examination. Figure 47. Gravid female in vivo habitus, showing developing eggs from the lateral side. Figure 48. Female holotype with the eggs, which were retrieved by injecting water into the mesosoma. Figure 49. All retrieved eggs. Figures 50–55 Photographic records of specimens presumably conspecific with the new species (licensed images). Figures 50–51. Adult male from near the type locality, Luquan, Kunming, Yunnan in dorsal (50) and ventral (51) views. Figure 52. Individual from Panzhihua, Sichuan. Figure 53. Adult female from Panzhihua, Sichuan. Figure 54. Adult female from Hongge, Panzhihua, Sichuan. Figure 55. Individual from the road to Sichuan Electromechanical Institute of Vocation and Technology, Panzhihua, Sichuan.

Figures 13–15 in A new scorpion genus and species from China, Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae)

Figures 13–15: Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n., female holotype, chelicera (13), respiratory spiracle (14) and pectines (15). Figure 13. Chelicera dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. Figure 14. Sternite V, right spiracle, under UV light. Figure 15. Pectines, under UV light.

Figures 9–12 in A new scorpion genus and species from China, Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n. (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae)

Figures 9–12: Qianxie solegladi gen. et sp. n., female holotype, sternopectinal region (9, 11) and sternites (10, 12). Figures 9–10. Sternopectinal region (9) and sternites (10), under white light. Figures 11–12. Sternopectinal region (11) and sternites (12), under UV light.

Fig. 4 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains

Fig. 4. Estimation of ancestral ranges for the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 in four biogeographical regions: Tajik and north Pamir blocks (northern Afghanistan and southern China, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) (A); western Cimmeria, including only the Farah, Helmand, south and central Pamirs (SP and CP, respectively), Karakorum (K) and Band-e Bayan (BB) blocks (present-day Afghanistan and northern Pakistan) (B); northwest Annamite Mountains (Khammouan Karst, Laos) (C); northeast Annamite Mountains (Phong Nha-Ke Montenat (2009), Collett et al. (2015), Robinson (2015), Siehl (2017), and Li et al. (2020).

Fig. 3 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains

Fig. 3. Estimation of divergence times (A) in evolution of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 with palaeogeographical reconstructions (B) indicating tectonic positions and past and present plate boundaries. Geological time periods on phylogeny include Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian,Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic. Divergence ages (in millions of years) plotted on phylogeny. Circled numbers denote three divergence events leading to Pseudochactidae and its three subfamilies.Timeline for origins, dispersal, and diversification of Pseudochactidae as follows: Carboniferous (340 Ma), Pseudochactidae originates near Tajik block (colored grey area), situated among chain of continental blocks and island arcs between Turkestan and Palaeo-Tethys Oceans. Jurassic–Triassic Boundary (202 Ma): Cimmerian continent collides with Eurasia and Indochina in the Jurassic, allowing ancestor of

Fig. 2 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains

Fig. 2. Preferred phylogeny (A) of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 based on simultaneous analysis of the morphological and molecular datasets using Maximum Likelihood with unambiguous morphological synapomorphies optimized. Black circles indicate uniquely derived apomorphic states, white circles, parallel deviations of apomorphic states. Numbers above circles indicate characters, numbers below indicate states (Supp Appendices 2 and 3 [online only]). Dorsal habitus (B–F) of five species of Pseudochactidae: Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov 1998, Babatag, Uzbekistan, ♀ (AMNH) (B), Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço 2007,Tham Xe Bang Fai, Laos, ♀ (AMNH) (C), Aemngvantom thamnongpaseuam Prendini et al. 2021,Tham Nong Pa Seuam, Laos, holotype ♀ (AMNH) (D), Aemngvantom lao (Lourenço 2012),Tham Nam Lot (Lod), Laos, ♀ (AMNH) (E) and Vietbocap canhi Lourenço and Pham 2010,Tiên Sơn, Vietnam,♀ (AMNH) (F). Scale bars = 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains

Fig. 1. Distribution of subfamilies of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998: Pseudochactinae Gromov 1998, Troglokhammouaninae Prendini et al. 2021, Vietbocapinae Lourenço 2007.

Fig. 5 in Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains

Fig. 5. Preferred ancestral state reconstruction (A) for the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 using ARD model of troglomorphism index (scale = 1–10) ranging from epigean (score = 1) to hypogean, troglobitic (score = 10). Ecomorphotypes classified as epigean (1–5); hypogean, troglophilic (6–8); and hypogean, troglobitic (9–10). Carapace (B–D) of three pseudochactid species, representing each ecomorphotype: epigean: Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov 1998 (B); troglophilic: Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenço 2007 (C); and troglobitic: Vietbocap canhi Lourenço 2010 (D).

Figures 16-18 from: Lourenco W, Dinh-Sac P (2010) A remarkable new cave scorpion of the family Pseudochactidae Gromov (Chelicerata, Scorpiones) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 71: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.786

Figures 16-18 - Vietbocap canhi sp. n., female paratype. Trichobothrial pattern. Chela, dorso-external, ventral and internal aspects. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figsure 12-15 from: Lourenco W, Dinh-Sac P (2010) A remarkable new cave scorpion of the family Pseudochactidae Gromov (Chelicerata, Scorpiones) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 71: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.786

Figsure 12-15 - Vietbocap canhi sp. n. (M=male, F=female). 12–13 Metasomal segment V and telson, lateral and ventral aspects (M) 14 Idem female 15 Movable finger of pedipalp chela with subrows of granules (M). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figsure 7-11 from: Lourenco W, Dinh-Sac P (2010) A remarkable new cave scorpion of the family Pseudochactidae Gromov (Chelicerata, Scorpiones) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 71: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.786

Figsure 7-11 - Vietbocap canhi sp. n. (M=male, F=female). 7 Carapace, dorsal aspect (M) 8 Chelicera, dorsal aspect (F) 9–10 Ventral aspect, showing sternum, genital operculum, pectines and sternite III (M & F) 11 Leg IV, showing absence of tibial spur and telotarsi with spinular setae (F). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figsure 3-6 from: Lourenco W, Dinh-Sac P (2010) A remarkable new cave scorpion of the family Pseudochactidae Gromov (Chelicerata, Scorpiones) from Vietnam. ZooKeys 71: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.786

Figsure 3-6 - Vietbocap canhi sp. n., male holotype and female paratype, dorsal and ventral aspects. Scale bar = 10 mm.