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Fig. 30 in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 30. Male anterior thoracic sternum and pleon of Pseudosesarma. A, P edwardsii, lectotype male (17.5 × 16.1 mm) (RMNH-D17a), Mergui Archipelago; B, P. edwardsii, male (13.4 × 11.9 mm) (ZRC 1965.8.2.81), Pulau Pawai, Singapore; C, P. crassimanum, male (15.9 × 14.5 mm) (RMNH-D23313), Singapore; D, P. glabrum, holotype male (13.8 × 12.0 mm) (CUSAT 2016-1), Kerala, India; E, P. anteactum, holotype male (16.7 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0602), Sri Lanka; F, P. anteactum, paratype male (21.2 × 19.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0603), Sri Lanka; G, P. brehieri, holotype male (17.4 × 15.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0593), Myanmar; H, P. boulengeri, lectotype male (26.9 × 23.5 mm) (NHM 1919.11.14.1), Basra, Iraq.

Fig. 27 in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 27. Outer view of chela of Pseudosesarma. A, P. edwardsii, lectotype male (17.5 × 16.1 mm) (RMNH-D17a), Mergui Archipelago; B, P. edwardsii, male (13.4 × 11.9 mm) (ZRC 1965.8.2.81), Pulau Pawai, Singapore; C, P. edwardsii, male (19.4 × 17.3 mm) (ZRC 1971.9.24.8), Singapore; D, P. crassimanum, male (15.9 × 14.5 mm) (RMNH-D23313), Singapore; E, P. anteactum, holotype male (16.7 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0602), Sri Lanka; F, P. glabrum, holotype male (13.8 × 12.0 mm) (CUSAT 2016-1), Kerala, India; G, P. brehieri, holotype male (17.4 × 15.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0593), Myanmar; H, P. boulengeri, lectotype male (26.9 × 23.5 mm) (NHM 1919.11.14.1), Basra, Iraq.

Fig. 37. A–G in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 37. A–G, Pseudosesarma brehieri, paratype female (14.9 × 13.4 mm) (ZRC 2016.0594), Myanmar; F, G, P. brehieri, male (15.0 × 13.6 mm) (ZRC 2013.0209), West Bengal, India; H, I, P. brehieri, male (14.5 × 13.0 mm) (ZRC 2013.0209), West Bengal, India; J–O, P. boulengeri, lectotype male (26.9 × 23.5 mm) (NHM 1919.11.14.1), Basra, Iraq. A, K, male pleon; B, F, L, left G1 (ventral view, denuded); D, G, M, left G1 (dorsal view, denuded); E, left G2; H, O, left distal part of G1 (dorsal view, denuded); I, N, left distal part of G1 (ventral view, denuded); J, anterior thoracic sternites 1–4. Scales: A = 4.0 mm; B–E, N, O = 1.0 mm; F–I = 0.5 mm; J, K = 5.0 mm; L, M = 2.0 mm. A–E, after Ng (2018: fig. 7E–I).

Fig. 25 in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 25. Frontal view of cephalothorax of Pseudosesarma. A, P. edwardsii, lectotype male (17.5 × 16.1 mm) (RMNH-D17a), Mergui Archipelago; B, P. edwardsii, male (13.4 × 11.9 mm) (ZRC 1965.8.2.81), Pulau Pawai, Singapore; C, P. crassimanum, male (15.9 × 14.5 mm) (RMNH-D23313), Singapore; D, P. anteactum, holotype male (16.7 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0602), Sri Lanka; E, P. glabrum, holotype male (13.8 × 12.0 mm) (CUSAT 2016-1), Kerala, India; F, P. brehieri, holotype male (17.4 × 15.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0593), Myanmar; G, P. boulengeri, lectotype male (26.9 × 23.5 mm) (NHM 1919.11.14.1), Basra, Iraq; H, Contusarma bocourti, male (25.3 × 23.3 mm) (ZRC 2000.0952), Bangkok, Thailand; I, Contusarma cheirogonum, neotype male (24.5 × 21.5 mm) (ZRC 1995.225), Bako National Park, Sarawak; J, Miersarma granosimanum, lectotype male (16.9 × 14.8 mm) (NHM 1880.6), Borneo.

Fig. 22. Overall habitus, Pseudosesarma species. A, P in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 22. Overall habitus, Pseudosesarma species. A, P. edwardsii, lectotype male (17.5 × 16.1 mm) (RMNH-D17a), Mergui Archipelago; B, P. edwardsii, male (13.4 × 11.9 mm) (ZRC 1965.8.2.81), Pulau Pawai, Singapore; C, P. edwardsii, male (12.9 × 11.8 mm) (ZRC 1971.9.24.9), Singapore; D, P. crassimanum, male (15.9 × 14.5 mm) (RMNH-D23313), Singapore; E, P. anteactum, holotype male (16.7 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0602), Sri Lanka; F, P. glabrum, holotype male (13.8 × 12.0 mm) (CUSAT 2016-1), Kerala, India; G, P. brehieri, holotype male (17.4 × 15.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0593), Myanmar; H, P. boulengeri, lectotype male (26.9 × 23.5 mm) (NHM 1919.11.14.1), Basra, Iraq.

Fig. 36. A–G in Revision of the intertidal and semiterrestrial crab genera Chiromantes Gistel, 1848, and Pseudosesarma Serène & Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), using morphology and molecular phylogenetics, with the establishment of nine new genera and two new species

Fig. 36. A–G, Pseudosesarma anteactum, holotype male (16.7 × 14.7 mm) (ZRC 2016.0602), Sri Lanka; H–L, P. glabrum, holotype male (13.8 × 12.0 mm) (CUSAT 2016-1), Kerala, India. A, I, left G1 (ventral view); B, J, left G1 (dorsal view); C, D, distal part of left G1 (ventral view, slightly different angles); E, K, ventro-mesial view of distal part of left G1; F, distal part of left G1 (dorsal view); G, L, left G2; H, pleon. Scales: A, B, G = 1.0 mm; C–F, I–L = 0.5 mm; H = 2.0 mm. A–G, after Ng & Schubart (2017: fig. 17); H–L, after Ng et al. (2017a: fig. 4).

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Fig. 2 in Fig. 3 in Pseudosesarma crassimanum

Fig. 2. Bipartite graphs showing the topological structure of examples of flower-visitor networks analyzed in this study. For each network, upper bars represent visitor species and lower bars represent flowering plant species. Bar thickness is proportional to the number of interactions of each species (drawn at different scales). a) flower-hummingbird network of Machado (2014); b) flower-insect network of Clemente et al. (2017); c) flowerhummingbird network of Lasprilla (2003); d) flower-insect network of Vázquez and Simberloff (2002) (network 5). Networks a and b have the same total number of species (network size) and the same number of species at each trophic level (plants and animals). Networks c and d have the same network size, although they have different numbers of species of plants and animals.

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Fig. 1 in Fig. 3 in Pseudosesarma crassimanum

Fig. 1. Distribution of the 55 flower-visitor networks analyzed in this study. Dark gray circles represent flower-hummingbird networks and light gray circles the flower-insect networks. At this map scale, some flower-visitor networks are located so close together that they are indistinguishable.

Fig. 5 in Pseudosesarma crassimanum

Fig. 5. Distribution and inferred EOO of Parastacus macanudo sp. nov. in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. RS - state of Rio Grande do Sul, SC - state of Santa Catarina.

Fig. 3 in Pseudosesarma crassimanum

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of selected spinicaudatan taxa based on COI, 16S rRNA, EF1α and 28S rRNA inferred with MrBayes using taxonspecific matrices. A) Eocyzicidae fam. nov. and Leptestheriidae using Matrix 5 rooted based in the split between Eocyzicidae and Leptestehriidae and B) Cyzicidae s.s. using Matrix 3 rooted by the deepest split recovered in the analyses of all Spinicaudata. All individuals of the selected taxa and all codon positions were included. Genus affiliations are indicated. For Eocyzicus fam. nov. and Cyzicidae s.s. head shapes (rostrum shape and condyle length) corresponding to the four traditional cyzicid genera (Cyzicus, Caenestheria, Caenestheriella and Eocyzicus) are mapped based on the observed morphology of studied specimens. Rostrum shapes were differentiated into triangular and spatulated, irrespective of the presence of an additional posterior margin in the latter. Published information on the respective species was not considered to avoid errors for example due to cryptic species or wrong identifications. In some species, including E. taiwanensis, changes in rostrum morphology during growth has been observed (e.g., Rogers et al. 2017). Dotted lines indicate groups of specimen with same head shapes. Posterior probabilities and bootstrap support values are provided for each branch. Branches are color-coded according the geographic origin of the specimens. # = node in topology with highest likelihood, but bootstrap support <50%, - = node not recovered in most topology with highest likelihood.

Fig. 2 in Pseudosesarma crassimanum

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Spinicaudata based on COI, 16S rRNA, EF1α and 28S rRNA inferred with MrBayes. Only individuals with at least two of the four loci available were included and 3rd codon positions of COI were excluded (Matrix 2). For each individual, the country of origin and the collection or voucher number are provided (Table S1), if no collection or voucher number was available one of the GenBank numbers is provided. Posterior probabilities and bootstrap support values are provided for each branch. Branches are color-coded according the geographic origin of the specimens. # = node in topology with highest likelihood, but bootstrap support <50%, - = node not recovered in most topology with highest likelihood.

Fig. 4 in Pseudosesarma crassimanum

Fig. 4. Molecular clock dated phylogeny. The divergence time estimates are based on the BEAST analyses of COI, 16S rRNA, EF1α and 28S rRNA that included only individuals with at least three of the loci present. Blue bars represent 95% HPD intervals of inferred node ages. The topology was not constrained to enforce a sister group relationship of Leptestheriidae and Eocyzicus, thus also no prior was defined for their divergence (Fig. S12 for the constrained analysis). Calibration points (6) and (11) are based on fossils for Diplostraca (minimum age 386.9 mya based on Leaia chinensis following Wolfe et al. (2016)) and Limnadiidae + Eocyzicus + Leptestheriidae (minimum age 255 mya based on oldest known Perilimnadiidae fossils) following Astrop and Hegna (2015), respectively (Figs. S13 and S14 for an alternative age constraint for Limnadiidae + Eocyzicus + Leptestheriidae). Calibrations points (A–D) were inferred from the preceding molecular clock analyses of the amino acid data set of Schwentner et al. (2018) (Figs. S10, S11) and coded as normal distributed priors: (A) 294.6 mya with sigma of 25, (B) 153.5 mya with sigma of 63, (C) 66.8 mya with a sigma of 40 and (D) 64.8 mya with a sigma of 32. Branches are color-coded according the geographic origin of the specimens. Posterior probabilities are provided for each node.

Fig. 1. Figure 1. Representative Spinicaudata and their typical head shapes. A in Pseudosesarma crassimanum

Fig. 1. Figure 1. Representative Spinicaudata and their typical head shapes. A) Ozestheria altus Shu et al., 2015, male head left lateral view; B) Cyzicus californicus (Packard, 1874), female head left lateral view; C) Ozestheria pilosa (Rogers et al., 2013), male head left lateral view; D) Leptestheria kunmingensis Shu et al., 2015, male head left lateral view; E) L. kunmingensis Shu, et al., 2015, female head left lateral view; F) Eocyzicus taiwanensis Rogers et al., 2017, male head left lateral view; G) Ozestheria sp. "Mongolia", DCR collection 729, male head left lateral view; H) Ozestheria sp. "Mongolia", DCR collection 729, male limb I endopod distal portion, right lateral view; I) Metalimnadia sp. DCR collection 853, male head left lateral view; J) Eoleptestheria cf. ticinensis from Australia, male head left lateral view. Designations: f = fornix; on = occipital notch; oc = occipital condyle; rs = rostral spine; r = rostrum.

Fig. 4 in Pseudosesarma crassimanum

Fig. 4. Parastacus macanudo sp. nov., habitat and burrows. A, swamp forest; B, single burrow opening (white arrow); C, chimney.

Fig. 3 in Pseudosesarma crassimanum

Fig. 3. Parastacus macanudo sp. nov., living specimens (holotype). A, habitus dorsal view; B, living specimen in the habitat; C, living specimen placed in aquarium. Scale bar: A = 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in On the taxonomy of Pseudosesarma edwardsii (De Man, 1887) and P. crassimanum (De Man, 1887) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka

Fig. 3. Pseudosesarma edwardsii (De Man, 1887), overall habitus. A, lectotype male (17.5 × 16.1 mm) (NNM-D17a), Mergui Archipelago; B, male (20.3 × 19.0 mm) (ZRC 2016.608), Langkawi; C, male (17.8 × 16.3 mm) (ZRC 2016.608), Langkawi; D, male (12.5 × 10.4 mm) (ZRC 2016.608), Langkawi; E, male (19.4 × 17.3 mm) (ZRC 1971.9.24.8), Singapore; F, male (21.3 × 18.7 mm) (ZRC 2003.84), Singapore.

Fig. 10 in On the taxonomy of Pseudosesarma edwardsii (De Man, 1887) and P. crassimanum (De Man, 1887) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka

Fig. 10. Pseudosesarma crassimanum (De Man, 1887), male anterior thoracic sternum and pleon. A, lectotype male (16.3 × 14.6 mm) (NHM 1886.52b), Myanmar; B, paralectotype male (18.8 × 16.7 mm) (NHM 1886.52c), Myanmar; C, male (15.9 × 14.3 mm) (ZRC 2008.442), Ranong; D, male (18.9 × 16.7 mm) (ZRC 1998.851), Sarawak; E, male (17.5 × 15.0 mm) (ZRC 1967.7.21.4), Singapore; F, male (15.9 × 14.5 mm) (NNM-D23313), Singapore; G, male (15.1 x 13.3 mm) (ZRC 2000.1768), Peninsular Malaysia; H, male (17.2 × 15.0 mm) (ZRC 1999.503), Kalimantan.

Fig. 1. A–C in On the taxonomy of Pseudosesarma edwardsii (De Man, 1887) and P. crassimanum (De Man, 1887) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka

Fig. 1. A–C, Pseudosesarma edwardsii (De Man, 1887); D, E, Pseudosesarma crassimanum (De Man, 1887). A, overall habitus; B, D, chela; C, E, male pleonal somites 3–6 and telson. D, horizontally transposed (after De Man, 1888: pl. 13 figs. 1–3, 5, 6)

Fig. 7 in On the taxonomy of Pseudosesarma edwardsii (De Man, 1887) and P. crassimanum (De Man, 1887) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka

Fig. 7. Pseudosesarma edwardsii (De Man, 1887), gonopods. A–C, male (20.5 × 19.3 mm) (ZRC 2016.608), Langkawi; D, E, male (21.3 × 18.7 mm) (ZRC 2003.84), Singapore; F, G, male (17.8 × 16.3 mm) (ZRC 2016.608), Langkawi; H, I, male (12.5 × 10.4 mm) (ZRC 2016.608), Langkawi. A, B, D–I, left G1; C, left G2. Scales: A–E = 1.0 mm; F–I = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in On the taxonomy of Pseudosesarma edwardsii (De Man, 1887) and P. crassimanum (De Man, 1887) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka

Fig. 5. Pseudosesarma edwardsii (De Man, 1887), male anterior thoracic sternum and pleon. A, lectotype male (17.5 × 16.1 mm) (NNM-D17a), Mergui Archipelago; B, male (21.3 × 18.7 mm) (ZRC 2003.84), Singapore; C, male (19.4 × 17.3 mm) (ZRC 1971.9.24.8), Singapore; D, male (20.3 × 19.0 mm) (ZRC 2016.608), Langkawi; E, male (17.8 × 16.3 mm) (ZRC 2016.608), Langkawi; F, male (12.5 × 10.4 mm) (ZRC 2016.608), Langkawi.