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Data from: Revised evolutionary and taxonomic synthesis for parrots (order: Psittaciformes) guided by phylogenomic analysis
<p>Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) are a diverse clade that are easily distinguishable from other birds. Despite the clear characters that define the Psittaciformes (hooked bills, zygodactylous feet, and plumage that is often predominantly green or red), relative morphological uniformity among parrots has made taxonomic classification a fraught endeavor for over a century. Parrot systematics were propelled forward when DNA sequencing data shed insights into higher- and species-level relationships. However, despite these significant advances, major gaps in taxon sampling and uncertainty in relationships remained due to inferring phylogenetic relationships with short fragments of DNA. Recent work using genome-wide molecular markers with nearly complete parrot species-level sampling has brought clarity to many of the remaining outstanding questions on taxonomic relationships. Here, we build on this work by including four additional species to present a taxonomic revision of Psittaciformes better aligned with its evolutionary tree. We infer maximum likelihood and time-calibrated phylogenies for parrots, present accounts for 106 genera, compare how our findings relate to previous work, and highlight future areas of research. The family-group nomenclature we propose reflects deep evolutionary divergences with diagnosable synapomorphies that are commensurate across comparable ranks in psittaciform clades. We erect three new family-group names at the rank of tribe (Brotogerini Smith, Thom and Joseph, 2024; Neophemini Schodde, Smith, Thom and Joseph, 2024; Bolbopsittacini Smith, Thom and Joseph, 2024). We elevate one tribe to subfamily rank for the cacatuid genus <em>Probosciger</em> and we restrict usage of the recently introduced tribe Touitini to its type-genus <em>Touit</em>. At shallower taxonomic scales, recognition of more rather than fewer genera addresses issues of paraphyly or high discordance in morphological and genomic characters at those levels. We support many reinstatements of older generic names advocated in recent decades and we further reinstate five valid, available generic names not widely used in recent literature if at all (<em>Licmetis</em>, <em>Gymnopsittacus</em>, <em>Clarkona</em>, <em>Suavipsitta</em>, <em>Cardeos</em>). We advocate the retention of <em>Vini</em> Lesson, 1833 over <em>Coriphilus</em> Wagler, 1832 based on preliminary examination showing substantially more frequent usage of the former. We redraw generic limits in some other cases (e.g., <em>Bolborhynchus</em> parrotlets and allies) and this includes recognizing fewer genera than recently proposed for the <em>Psittacula</em> <em>sensu lato</em> ringneck parakeets. Our revised classification of parrots addresses many longstanding taxonomic questions including those that have arisen through the acquisition of genetic data. It provides context for the temporal origins of psittaciform clades and the taxonomic and phenotypic diversification throughout their evolutionary history. We hope that it will be a benchmark guiding further taxonomic study as well as for downstream analyses in many other fields.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Revised Evolutionary And Taxonomic Synthesis For Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) Guided By Phylogenomic Analysis
FIGURE 3. Species-level topology of Psittacinae. Support values come from the maximum likelihood tree. Nodes have ultrafast bootstrap values of ≥95% otherwise noted.
FIGURE 8 in Revised Evolutionary And Taxonomic Synthesis For Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) Guided By Phylogenomic Analysis
FIGURE 8. Photographs (not to scale) of Calyptomena hosii (left photo: Dubi Shapiro) a suboscine passerine of Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia) and Triclaria malachitacea (right photo: Marcos Eugênio) of southeastern Brazil showing presumably convergent evolution in ventral coloring. See text for discussion. Photographs reproduced with permission from the photographers.
FIGURE 16 in Revised Evolutionary And Taxonomic Synthesis For Parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) Guided By Phylogenomic Analysis
FIGURE 16. Dorsal view of specimens of Glossopsitta concinna from the Australian National Wildlife Collection (ANWC) showing variation within and between sexes and within and between mainland southeastern Australia versus Tasmania. Note the bluer coronal color in mainland males. Registration numbers from the bird collection at ANWC are shown. Photograph: Gordon Gullock.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Feather mites of the genera Dubininia and Cacatualges (Acari: Xolalgidae) associated with parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes) of the Old World.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Feather mites of the genera Dubininia and Cacatualges (Acari: Xolalgidae) associated with parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes) of the Old World". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/16e6592c-5bca-43e5-b018-2f02a9400a5a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/16e6592c-5bca-43e5-b018-2f02a9400a5a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/16e6592c-5bca-43e5-b018-2f02a9400a5a">https://gbif.org/dataset/16e6592c-5bca-43e5-b018-2f02a9400a5a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Figure 1 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 1. Lopharalichus beckeri sp. n., male. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) tarsus IV. Setal designations of idiosoma after Griffiths et al. (1990) and those of legs after Atyeo and Gaud (1966).
Figure 3 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 3. Genoprotolichus simplex sp. n., male. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) tarsus IV, antaxial view; (D) tarsus IV, paraxial view.
Figure 7 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 7. Protonyssus proctorae sp. n., male. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) tarsus III; (D) tarsus IV.
Figure 5 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 5. Females of pterolichid mites. (A) Genoprotolichus simplex sp. n., dorsal view; (B) Genoprotolichus simplex sp. n., oviporal region; (C) Neorhytidelasma conuropsis sp. n., dorsal view; (D) Neorhytidelasma conuropsis sp. n., oviporal region.
Figure 4 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 4. Neorhytidelasma conuropsis sp. n., male. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) tarsus IV.
Figure 9 in On the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Pseudasturidae - Lower Eocene stem-group representatives of parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes)
Figure 9. Distal end of left tarsometatarsus of psittaciform birds in comparison (plantar view). (A) cf. Pseudastur macrocephalus (Pseudasturidae, BMNH A 6184; Eocene) (B) Quercypsitta sudrei (Quercypsittidae; Upper Eocene), after Mourer- Chauviré (1992); (C) cf. Psittacopes (unnamed higher-level taxon; Lower Eocene), after Mayr & Daniels (1998: pl. 5, Fig. 16a); (D) Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae; recent). The arrows indicate the furrow for the tendon of musculus flexor perforatus digiti IV. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Figure 8 in On the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Pseudasturidae - Lower Eocene stem-group representatives of parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes)
Figure 8. Phylogenetic relationships between the Pseudasturidae Mayr (1998a), the Eocene Quercypsittidae Mourer- Chauviré (1992), the Eocene psittaciform taxon Psittacopes Mayr & Daniels (1998) and the crown-group Psittacidae. (A) the phylogeny proposed in this study; (B) the result of a cladistic analysis by Dyke & Cooper (2000). The nodes in (A) are supported by the following derived characters: Node 1: (1) corpus of cranial thoracic vertebrae strongly mediolaterally compressed; (2) proximal end of tibiotarsus with ridge along medial side, opposite to crista fibularis; (3) distal end of tibiotarsus with proximo-distally short condyles which are separated by a wide incisura intercondylaris; (4) trochlea metatarsi III much wider in mediolateral than in dorsoplantar direction, with a distinct groove between the rims, dorsal surface not significantly raised above dorsal surface of the shaft; (5) furrow on distal end of tarsometatarsus, between dorsal side of trochlea metatarsi IV and incisura intertrochlearis lateralis. Node 2: (1) furrow for tendon of musculus flexor perforatus digiti IV between trochlea accessoria and trochlea metatarsi III.
Figure 7 in On the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Pseudasturidae - Lower Eocene stem-group representatives of parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes)
Figure 7. Distal end of left tarsometatarsus in comparison (upper row: distal view, lower row: plantar view). (A) cf. Pseudastur macrocephalus (Pseudasturidae, BMNH A 6184; Eocene) (B) Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae; recent); (C) Coua cristata (Cuculidae; recent); (D) Otus scops (Strigiformes; recent); (E) Monasa nigrifrons (Bucconidae; recent); (F) cf. Primozygodactylus sp. (Primoscenidae, Primoscenidae; Eocene), after Mayr (1998b); (G) Zygodactylus grivensis (Zygodactylidae, Piciformes; Miocene), after Mayr (1998b); (H) Lybius bidentatus (Capitonidae, Piciformes; recent). The trochleae metatarsorum II-IV (Roman numerals) and the trochlea accessoria (Acc) are indicated. Arabic numerals indicate: 1 – tendineal furrow along medial side of basis of trochlea metatarsi IV; 2 – furrow for tendon of musculus flexor perforatus digiti IV. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Figure 6 in On the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Pseudasturidae - Lower Eocene stem-group representatives of parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes)
Figure 6. Proximal end of right tarsometatarsus in comparison. (A) Pulchrapollia gracilis (Pseudasturidae, BMNH A 6207), the dotted area has been reconstructed after the specimen figured by Mayr (1998a: text-fig. 12); (B) Nymphicus hollandicus (Psittacidae); (C) Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Psittacidae); (D) Monasa nigrifrons (Bucconidae); (E) Coua cristata (Cuculidae); (F) Otus scops (Strigiformes). Scale bars equal 2 mm.
Figure 4 in On the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Pseudasturidae - Lower Eocene stem-group representatives of parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes)
Figure 4. Right coracoid in comparison. (A) Pseudasturidae gen. et. sp. indet. (BMNH A 6218); (B) Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae); (C) Otus scops (Strigiformes); (D) Crotophaga major (Cuculidae). The arrows indicate the foramen nervi supracoracoidei. Scale bars equal 5 mm.
Figure 5 in On the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Pseudasturidae - Lower Eocene stem-group representatives of parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes)
Figure 5. Distal end of left humerus (A–D) and proximal end of right ulna (E–I) in comparison. (I) Pulchrapollia gracilis (Pseudasturidae, BMNH A 6207); (B) Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae); (C) Monasa nigrifrons (Bucconidae); (D) Coua cristata (Cuculidae); (E) Pulchrapollia gracilis (Pseudasturidae, BMNH A 6207); (F) Otus scops (Strigiformes); (G) Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae); (H) Coua cristata (Cuculidae); (I) Monasa nigrifrons (Bucconidae). The numerals indicate: 1 – processus cotylaris dorsalis; 2 – olecr anon Scale bars equal 2 mm.
Figure 1 in On the osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the Pseudasturidae - Lower Eocene stem-group representatives of parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes)
Figure 1. Articulated skeleton of Pseudastur macrocephalus Mayr (1998a) from the Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany (from Mayr, 1998a). (A) specimen WDC-C-MG 94; (B) specimen SMNK.PAL.2373a, the arrows indicate the large processus supraorbitales. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Data from: Revised evolutionary and taxonomic synthesis for parrots (order: Psittaciformes) guided by phylogenomic analysis
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 8 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 8. Protonyssus proctorae sp. n., female. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view.
Figure 2 in Six new feather mite species (Acari: Astigmata) from the carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae), an extinct parrot of North America
Figure 2. Lopharalichus beckeri sp. n., female. (A) Dorsal view; (B) ventral view.
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