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Fig. 8 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 8. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/13 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 100% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Note moderately vascularized cortex that is predominantly composed of parallel-fibred bone and the predominantly longitudinal orientation of vascular canals. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae.

Fig. 7 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 7. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/9-10 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 90% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, A2) and close-ups of the cortex (A3, A4) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the parallelfibred bone in the outermost part of the cortex. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon; tb, trabeculae.

Fig. 6 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 6. Histological sections of femora KOKM 4652/1 (A) and KOKM 4652/11 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; subadult stage; about 63–70% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, B1) under polarized light with lambda waveplate and without lambda waveplate (A3) and close-ups of the cortex (A2, A4, B2) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the presence of the fibrolamellar complex and four LAGs (white arrows). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae. subadults indicate a continuing period of fast growth with a The femur KOKM 4652/11 (about 63% of maximal femocyclical temporary and local decrease in growth rate. ral size; Fig. 6B) is poorly preserved, but reticular canals and

Fig. 3 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 3. Histological sections of femora PM TSU 16/0-55 (A) and PM TSU 16/0-56 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage; about 30% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1), close-up of the cortex (A2), and histological overview of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A3) and without lambda waveplate (A4). Note the presence of erosion bays, secondary bone, and LAGs (white arrows). Microanatomical overview (B1) and close-up of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (B2). Note the presence of erosion bays. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; LAGs, lines of arrested growth; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 5 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 5. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/16 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 40–45% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone.

Fig. 4 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 4. Histological sections of femur PM TSU 16/0-54 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 30–35% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2–A4). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 2 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 2. Histological sections of the smallest femur PM TSU 120-Sh3-125 (<20% of maximal femoral size) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; hatchling stage, under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Microanatomical (A1) and histological (A2) overview of the cortex showing primary highly vascularized bone. Note the presence of radial primary osteons and primary vascular canals. Close-up of the cortex, showing predominantly reticular orientation of the primary osteons and primary vascular canals (A3). Details of the composition of the primary bone tissues of the cortex (A4). Note the presence of the incipient fibrolamellar complex. Abbreviations: lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteon; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; wb, woven bone.

Fig. 1 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic outline of the femur of Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia, indicating the relative positions of sections taken for histological examination. A. Sections taken from specimens from Paleontological Museum of Tomsk State University (PM TSU). B. Sections taken from specimens from Kuzbass State Museum of Local Lore (KOKM).

Fig. 5 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 5. The skeletons of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 subadult (IVPP V14748, A; IVPP V18344, B) and adult P. lujiatunensis (IVPP V18343, C) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous.

Fig. 4 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 4. Bone microstructure in juvenile ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of right humerus (IVPP V14341.1, A), right radius (IVPP V14341.6, B), left tibia (IVPP V14341.5, C). Endosteal bone (arrow) showing in the inner most cortex and medullary cavity of right ulna (IVPP V14341.6, D), right radius (IVPP V14341.6, E), right femur (IVPP V14341.1, F), right fibula (IVPP V14341.1, G). Sharpey's fibres (arrows) in left tibia (IVPP V14341.5, H). Photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–C1, H1), elliptically polarized light (A2–C2, D, E, F, G, H2), line drawings (A3–C3) showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green), radial vascular canals (red), and LAGs (brown lines). Abbreviation: ec, erosion cavity.

Fig. 1 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 1. The cluster of hatchling ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 (IVPP V16902) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous.

Fig. 2 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 2. Bone microstructure in hatchling ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 (IVPP V16902.1) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. A–C. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of tibia (A) and details (B, C); photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–C1), elliptically polarized light (A2–C2), crossed plane-polarized light (B3, C3). A3, line drawing showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green) and radial vascular canals (red). Arrows indicate simple primary vascular canals.

Fig. 3 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 3. Bone microstructure in juvenile ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 (IVPP V14341.1) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. A–C. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of right tibia (A), the outer most cortex (B), the inner most cortex (C); photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–C1), elliptically polarized light (A2–C2), crossed plane-polarized light (B3, C3); line drawing (A3) showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green), radial vascular canals (red), and LAGs (brown lines).

Fig. 6 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 6. Bone microstructure in subadult ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of right radius (IVPP V18344, A), left femur (IVPP V18344, B), left tibia (IVPP V14748, C), left fibula (IVPP V14748, D, E), left femur (IVPP 18344, F), left tibia (IVPP V18344, G). E–G show the endosteal bone (arrows). Photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–D1), elliptically polarized light (A2–D2, E–G); line drawings (A3–C3) showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green), radial vascular canals (red), and LAGs (brown lines). Abbreviation: so, secondary osteons.

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Fig. 2 in Juvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur Psittacosaurus

Fig. 2. Cluster of six juvenile ceratopsian dinosaurs Psittacosaurus (IVPP V14341) from the Early Cretaceous of Lujiatun, Liaoning Province, China. The specimen, illustrated as a photograph (A) and interpretive drawing (B), shows six aligned juvenile specimens, of which specimens 2–6 are estimated to have been two years old at death, and specimen 1 was three years old, based on bone histological analysis.

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Fig. 1 in Juvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur Psittacosaurus

Fig. 1. Isometric growth in Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis. Skull length (y-axis) increases linearly with estimated age, in years (x-axis). The plot is based on measurements of 13 specimens (see SOM).

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Fig. 3 in Juvenile-only clusters and behaviour of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur Psittacosaurus

Fig. 3. Bone histological evidence for growth and age in ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 from the Early Cretaceous of Lujiatun, Liaoning Province, China. Mid-diaphyseal transverse sections of fibulae: IVPP V14341.1 (A), IVPP V14341.2 (B), IVPP V14341.3 (C), IVPP V14341.4 (D), and IVPP V14341.5 (E); radius: IVPP V14341.6 (F). White arrows indicate lines of arrested growth (LAGs).

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Fig. 3 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 3. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China, in palatal view (A) (with arrows indicating the neurovascular openings in the secondary palate formed by the rostral−premaxilla−maxilla complex), and right lateral and ventral view (B) of the caudodorsal portion of the skull, showing the internal (ventral) surface of the frontal and the quadrate cotyla of the squamosal. Photographs (A1, B1) and interpretive outlines (A2, B2).

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Fig. 6 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 6. The most parsimonious tree (length 58, consistency index 0.534, retention index 0.603) of Psittacosaurus obtained using the implicit enumeration option of the T.N.T. software (Goloboff et al. 2007). The data matrix of Averianov et al. (2006) was supplemented by coding 31 characters for Psittacosaurus major and P. lujiatunensis (see Appendix 1). P. xinjiangensis and Psittacosaurus specimen L0001 from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning (Xu and Wang 1998) were excluded due to large amount of missing data. Nodes are supported by the following unambiguous synapomorphies (in parenthesis are character numbers from Averianov et al.'s (2006) matrix). Node A: preorbital segment less than 40% of skull length (1), nasal extends ventrally beyond the external naris (5), ventral border of external naris is dorsal to the maxillary dorsal end (6), premaxillary teeth absent (8), and premaxillalacrimal contact present (9). Node B: lateral surface of the mandible straight (21). Node C: skull profile rounded (2). Node D: no synapomorphies. Node E: ventral margin of premaxilla−maxilla contact incised (11) and external mandibular fenestra present (20). Node F: "maxillary process" of maxilla present (14) and primary ridge on maxillary teeth caudoventrally angled (25). Node G: skull width exceeds skull length (3), premaxilla contacts jugal caudally (10), ventral postorbital horn present (15), rostral ramus of squamosal extends as far as to rostral wall of the supratemporal fenestra (17), quadrate shaft strongly arched in lateral view with caudal margin deeply excavated (19), and primary ridge on maxillary teeth weakly developed or absent (24). Node H: "maxillary process" of maxilla present (14) and denticles number on maxillary teeth equal to or more than 14 (26).