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Figure 3 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 3. Plot of 5-Metacarpal divided by the 1st phalanx of the 5 digit, verses 2nd phalanx of the 2nd digit, indicating separation of Nyctimene certans and N. cyclotis using 3 simple wing measurements for 255 specimens. Nyctimene certans (squares, n = 35), N. a. papuanus (circles, n = 128), N. wrightae sp. nov. (triangles, n = 90) and N. cyclotis (diamonds, n = 2). Holotype specimens are indicated for each species by an asterisk. Full or closed symbols indicate individuals identified genetically (n = 77), open symbols are those identified morphologically (n = 179).

Figure 12 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 12. Distribution of specimens assigned in this study to N. cyclotis (stars, n = 2), N. certans (squares, n = 26), N. wrightae sp. nov. (triangles n = 22) and N. a. papuanus (circles n = 48).

Figure 6 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 6. Dorsal and ventral photographs of the holotype of Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov. compared with N. a. papuanus. (a, b) Holotype of N. wrightae sp. nov. AM M.16423, photographs courtesy of Harry Parnaby (AM). (c) N. a. papuanus, NHMUK 1901.11.5.3; (d) N. wrightae sp. nov. NHMUK 1969.1417. Typically the fur is short and brown, but varies (see Fig. 7). Nyctimene a. papuanus and N. wrightae sp. nov. have a clearly demarcated dorsal stripe unlike N. certans and N. cyclotis (see Fig. 5). Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov. and N. a. papuanus have relatively long and distally tapered ears but those of N. wrightae sp. nov. tend to be thickened on the leading edge; externally N. wrightae sp. nov. and N. a. papuanus can appear very similar as exemplified by (c) and (d).

Figure 2 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 2. Holotype skull and mandible of Nyctimene cyclotis NHMUK 1910.7.16.9; (a) mandible, right side is broken and left M is missing; (b) ventral view of cranium, right P4 2

Figure 1 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 1. Morphological measurements taken for this study, see text for explanation of abbreviations: (a) dorsal, (b) ventral, and (c) lateral views of the skull and (d) mandible of a typical Nyctimene, (e) Skeleton of type specimen for subfamily, N. cephalotes, from Pallas (1767).

Figure 8 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 8. First two axes of a LDFA based on 14 factors of combined skull, dental and external body measurements (listed in Table 4), showing separation between N. a. papuanus (circles, n = 44), N. certans (squares, n = 15) and N. wrightae sp. nov. (triangles, n = 11). Holotype of N. wrightae sp. nov. is indicated by star symbol.

Figure 10 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 10. Plot of breadth against M1 breadth for Nyctimene a. papuanus (circles, n = 58) N. certans (squares, n = 27), N. wrightae sp. nov. (triangles, n = 11) and N. cyclotis (diamond, n = 2). Filled symbols are genetically identified. Holotypes of each species indicated by star symbols. Smaller outliers of N. certans are old individuals with smaller teeth due to extensive tooth wear. Outliers of N. wrightae sp. nov. with larger teeth than their conspecifics are young individuals with little tooth wear.

Figure 7 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 7. Photographs of Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov. and N. certans. (a) Female with young pup attached, showing characteristic long ears with thickened edge and short, brown hair (photograph courtesy of Debra Wright); (b) N. certans, showing darker fur than N. wrightae sp. nov. and round, broad ears (photograph courtesy of Debra Wright); (c) N. wrightae sp. nov. yellow colour morph with large brown spots caught in O-Pio, Chimbu Prov. (field number NRI 721), the dorsal stripe is clear and becomes thinner in upper part of back.

Figure 5 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 5. Dorsal and ventral photographs of the holotypes of Nyctimene certans and N. cyclotis. (a, b) Holotype of N. certans NHMUK 1911.11.29.1; photographs courtesy of Harry Taylor (NHMUK). (c, d) Holotype of N. cyclotis NHMUK 1910.7.16.9; photographs courtesy of Jeff Streicher (NHMUK). The ears are short and rounded in N. certans and N. cyclotis. Both FA's of N. cyclotis are clearly broken. The dorsal stripe is difficult to distinguish in the base of the dorsal in N. certans and N. cyclotis. Overall there is a grizzled grey-brown appearance in the fur in the dorsal of N. certans and N. cyclotis, compared to a more even brown colour in N. wrightae sp. nov. and N. a. papuanus (see Fig. 6).

Figure 4 in A new Tube-nosed Fruit Bat from New Guinea, Nyctimene wrightae sp. nov., A Re-diagnosis of N. certans and N. cyclotis (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera), and a Review of their Conservation Status

Figure 4. Dorsal and ventral views of skulls and mandibles of Nyctimene certans (young adult) (AM M.17888), N. certans (old, showing extensive tooth wear) (AM M.30648), N. wrightae sp. nov. (holotype) (AM M.16423) and N. a. papuanus (AM M.16425).

Fig. 21 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 21. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of m3 in the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Dotted branches connect nodes with ambiguous final assignments [0/1]. Some internal node assignments are omitted for clarity.

Fig. 19 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 19. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of lower incisors in megabats, using the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Optimization of the absence/presence of i1 absence/presence is represented along the branches, with ambiguous branches dotted. Optimization of the absence/presence of i2 is shown with black arrows representing a 1 + 0 transformation (loss of i2). The dotted arrow indicates the asymmetric loss of one first lower incisor in Myonycteris brachycephala.

Fig. 17 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 17. Myonycteris torquata KMMA/MRAC 80.020-M-0001 (A, B) and M. torquata AMNH 236246 (C, D), ventral view of the palate (A, C) and lateral view of the rostrum (B, D). An extra premolar in the position of P2 is present in the KMMA/MRAC specimen. Abbreviations: P1 first upper premolar, P2 second upper premolar. Scale 5 5 mm.

Fig. 16. Pteropus scapulatus BMNH 86.11.1.1 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 16. Pteropus scapulatus BMNH 86.11.1.1, occlusal view of the mandible. An extra premolar appears in the position of a p2 on the right side. Position and morphology of the other teeth as well as the mandible are typical. Abbreviations: c lower canine, i1 first lower incisor, i2 second lower incisor, m1 first lower molar, m2 second lower molar, m3 third lower molar, p1 first lower premolar, p2 atavistic second lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4, fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 5 mm.

Fig. 12. Thoopterus nigrescens AMNH 222775 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 12. Thoopterus nigrescens AMNH 222775 (A), and Latidens salimalii HZM 3.26435 (B), occlusal view of the tip of the mandible. Scale 5 1 mm.

Fig. 13. Aethalops alecto AMNH 216729 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 13. Aethalops alecto AMNH 216729 (A), Alionycteris paucidentata FMNH 146599 (B), Haplonycteris fischeri AMNH 142748 (C), and Otopteropus cartilagonodus FMNH 573447 (D),

Fig. 22 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 22. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of M2 in the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Dotted branches connect nodes with ambiguous final assignments [0/1]. Some internal node assignments are omitted for clarity.

Fig. 20 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 20. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of upper incisors in megabats, using the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Optimization of the absence/presence of I1 absence/presence is represented along the branches. Optimization of the absence/presence of I2 is shown with black arrows representing a 1 + 0 transformation (loss of I2). Absence/ presence of both I1 and I2 is inapplicable in the outgroup Megaderma lyra as this bat lacks the premaxillary bone that supports the upper incisors when present.

Fig. 8. Chironax melanocephalus AMNH 216739 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 8. Chironax melanocephalus AMNH 216739 (A), Aethalops alecto AMNH 216729 (B), Haplonycteris fischeri AMNH 142748 (C), Otopteropus cartilagonodus FMNH 573447 (D), and Balionycteris maculata AMNH 216755 (E), mental view of the mandible (left column) and occlusal view of the tip of the mandible (right column). Scales 5 1 mm.

Fig. 18. Nyctimene albiventer AMNH 198617 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 18. Nyctimene albiventer AMNH 198617, occlusal view of the mandible, presence of an extra lower molar (m3) in an otherwise typical mandible and dentition. Note the normal pattern of tooth wear in the dentition, which suggests that the extra tooth did not pose functional problems to the individual. Abbreviations: c lower canine, m1 first lower molar, m2 second lower molar, m3 atavistic third lower molar, p1 first lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4 fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.