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65 results for “Pulex”
Figs. A-D in Three newly recorded heterotrophic euglenids (Protist), Entosiphon oblongum, Euglena longa and Keelungia pulex from South Korea
Figs. A-D: Entosiphon oblongum (KF030). A: General appearance of cell 1, showing ventral view. B: Dorsal view of cell 1. C: Ventral view of cell 2. D: Dorsal view of cell 3; Arrowheads show grooves. E-G: Euglena longa (KF072). E: General appearance of cell 1. F: Cell 2, showing CV. G: Cell 3 showing FR. Arrow heads show paramylum granules. H-J: Keelungia pulex (KM080). H: Cell 1 and cell 2. I: General appearance of gliding cell 3. J: Cell 4 showing dorsal view and ridge (arrow head). FS: feeding siphon, AF: anterior flagellum, PF: posterior flagellum, FR: flagellar reservoir, F: flagellum, CV: contractile vacuole, IA: ingestion apparatus. All micrographs are DIC (differential interference contrast) images. Scale bar: 10 μm in (J).
Figure 4 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree based on partial sequences of the COI gene.The tree was inferred through Maximum Likelihood (ML) method with the GTR + I evolution model. The sequences obtained in this study (bold) and the GenBank accessions numbers are provided within brackets. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site.
Figure 3 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree based on partial sequences of the 12S rRNA gene. The tree was inferred through Maximum Likelihood (ML) method with the Tamura 3-parameter evolution model. The sequences obtained in this study (bold) and GenBank accessions numbers are provided within brackets. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values.
Figure 2 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 2. Adult female of the Argentine Bat, Eptesicus furinalis infested by seven individuals of Hectopsylla pulex in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views. (C) lateral view of female, in the neosomal form of H. pulex. The specimen (MHN-UCa-M 3299) was collected in a peri-urban area at the northeastern part of the Municipality of Dosquebradas, Department of Risaralda, Colombia.
Figure 5 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the concatenation of 12S and COI genes.The tree was inferred through Maximum Likelihood (ML) method with the GTR + I evolution model. The sequences obtained in this study (bold) and the GenBank accessions numbers are provided within brackets (12S; COI respectively). Numbers at nodes are above-selected branch support analysis from left to right: ultrafast bootstraps values, and Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood-ratio test (SH-like aLRT). The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site.
Figure 1 in Hectopsylla pulex (Haller, 1880) (Siphonaptera: Tungidae) infestation on Eptesicus furinalis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in the Central Andes of Colombia
Figure 1. First document record of infestation of Hectopsylla pulex on a bat of the family Vespertilionidae in Colombia. (A) The new record in Eptesicus furinalis was obtained in Dosquebradas, Department of Risaralda (red star). Records for molossid, noctilionid, and phyllostomid species are shown. (B) Additional records of H. pulex infesting bats (Eptesicus, Histiotus, and Myotis) of the family Vespertilionidae in South America.
Predator-induced shape plasticity in D. pulex
<p>All animals and plants respond to changes in the environment during their life cycle. This flexibility is known as phenotypic plasticity and allows organisms to cope with variable environments. A common source of environmental variation is predation risk, which describes the likelihood of being attacked and killed by a predator. Some species can respond to the level of predation risk by producing morphological defences against predation. A classic example is the production of so-called 'neckteeth' in the water flea, <em>Daphnia pulex</em>,<em> </em>which defend against predation from <em>Chaoborus</em> midge larvae. Previous studies of this defence have focussed on changes in pedestal size and the number of spikes along a gradient of predation risk. Although these studies have provided a model for continuous phenotypic plasticity, they do not capture the whole-organism shape response to predation risk. In contrast, studies in fish and amphibians focus on shape as a complex, multi-faceted trait made up of different variables. In this study, we analyse how multiple aspects of shape change in <em>D. pulex</em> along a gradient of predation risk from <em>C.</em> <em>flavicans</em>. These changes are dominated by the neckteeth defence, but there are also changes in the size and shape of the head and the body. We detected change in specific modules of the body plan and a level of integration among modules.<strong> </strong>These results are indicative of a complex, multi-faceted response to predation and provide insight into how predation risk drives variation in shape and size at the level of the whole organism.</p>
Different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote the maintenance of genetic diversity via the storage effect in Daphnia pulex
<p>Understanding mechanisms that promote the maintenance of biodiversity (genetic and species diversity) has been a central topic in evolution and ecology. Previous studies have revealed that dormancy can contribute to coexistence of competing genotypes or species in fluctuating environments via the storage effect. However, they tended to focus on differences in reproductive success (e.g., seed yield) and diapause termination (e.g., germination) timing. Here we tested whether different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote coexistence of two parthenogenetic (asexual) genotypes of <em>Daphnia pulex </em>in Lake Fukami-ike, Japan. Through laboratory experiments, we confirmed that short day length and low food availability induced the production of diapausing eggs. Furthermore, we found that one genotype tended to produce diapausing eggs in broader environmental conditions than the other. Terminating parthenogenetic reproduction earlier decreases total clonal production, but the early-diapausing genotype becomes advantageous by assuring reproduction in "short" years where winter arrival is earlier than usual. Empirically parameterized theoretical analyses suggested that different photoperiodic responses can promote coexistence via the storage effect with fluctuations of the growing season length. Therefore, timing of diapause induction may be as important as diapause termination timing for promoting the maintenance of genetic diversity in fluctuating environments.</p>
The maternal effects of dietary restriction on Dnmt expression and reproduction in two clones of Daphnia pulex
<p>The inheritance of epigenetic marks induced by environmental variation in a previous generation is broadly accepted as a mediator of phenotypic plasticity. Transgenerational effects linking maternal experiences to changes in morphology, gene expression, and life history of successive generations are known across many taxa. While the number of studies linking epigenetic variation to ecological maternal effects is increasing rapidly, few if any attempts have been made to investigate molecular mechanisms governing epigenetic functions in the context of ecologically relevant maternal effects. <em>Daphnia</em> make an ideal model for investigating molecular epigenetic mechanisms and ecological maternal effects because they will reproduce asexually in the lab. <em>Daphnia</em> are also known to have strong maternal effects, involving a variety of traits and environmental variables. Using two clones of <em>Daphnia</em> <em>pulex</em>, we investigated the plasticity of life history and DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) gene expression with respect to food limitation within- and across-generations. We found strong evidence of genotypic variation of responses of life history and Dnmt expression to low food diets, both within- and across-generations. In general, effects of offspring diet were larger than either the direct maternal effect or offspring-maternal environment interactions, but the direction of the maternal effect was usually in the opposite direction of the within-generation effect. For both life history and Dnmt expression, we also found that when offspring had low food, effects of the maternal environment were stronger than when offspring had high food.</p>
Data from: Genetic variation in reproductive investment across an Ephemerality gradient in Daphnia pulex
<p>Species across the tree of life can switch between asexual and sexual reproduction. In facultatively sexual species, the ability to switch between reproductive modes is often environmentally dependent and subject to local adaptation. However, the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence the maintenance and turnover of polymorphism associated with facultative sex remain unclear. We studied the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of reproductive investment in the facultatively sexual model species, Daphnia pulex. We found that patterns of clonal diversity, but not genetic diversity varied among ponds consistent with the predicted relationship between ephemerality and clonal structure. Reconstruction of a multi-year pedigree demonstrated the coexistence of clones that differ in their investment into male production. Mapping of quantitative variation in male production using lab-generated and field-collected individuals identified multiple putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying this trait, and we identified a plausible candidate gene. The evolutionary history of these QTL suggests that they are relatively young, and male limitation in this system is a rapidly evolving trait. Our work highlights the dynamic nature of the genetic structure and composition of facultative sex across space and time and suggests that quantitative genetic variation in reproductive strategy can undergo rapid evolutionary turnover.</p>
The maternal effects of dietary restriction on Dnmt expression and reproduction in two clones of Daphnia pulex
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Different photoperiodic responses in diapause induction can promote the maintenance of genetic diversity via the storage effect in Daphnia pulex
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Data from: Rare sexual reproduction by females of “obligate parthenogenetic” lineages of Daphnia cf. pulex
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Raw data for: Are standard test species still relevant? A comprehensive assessment of Daphnia pulex reared in laboratory and wild environments and their responses to organic ultraviolet filters
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Data from: Genetic variation in reproductive investment across an Ephemerality gradient in Daphnia pulex
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Predator-induced shape plasticity in D. pulex
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Data from: Evolution of asexual Daphnia pulex in Japan: variations and covariations of the digestive, morphological and life history traits
Background Several genetic lineages of obligate parthenogenetic Daphnia pulex, a common zooplankton species, have invaded Japan from North America. Among these, a lineage named JPN1 is thought to have started colonization from a single genotype several hundred to thousand years ago and subsequently produced many genotypes in Japan. To examine the phenotypic variations due to ecological drivers diverging the genotypes in new habitats, we measured heritability and variation in 17 traits, including life history, morphology and digestive traits, and the genetic distance among the D. pulex JPN1 genotypes in Japan. Results We found that most of the traits measured varied significantly among the genotypes and that heritability was highest in the morphological traits, followed by the digestive and life history traits. In addition, 93% of the variation in these traits was explained by the first three components in the principal component analysis, implying that variations of these heritable traits are not random but rather converged into a few directions. These relations among traits revealed the potential importance of predation pressures and food conditions as factors for diverging and selecting different genotypes. However, the magnitude of the difference in any single trait group did not correlate with the genetic distance. Conclusions Our findings show that the divergent traits evolved within D. pulex JPN1 without genetic recombination since their ancestral clone invaded Japan. Large variations and covariations of the phenotypic traits, irrespective of the genetic distance among the genotypes, support the view that the invasive success of D. pulex JPN1 was promoted by a genetic architecture that allowed for large phenotypic variations with a limited number of functionally important mutations without recombination.
FIGURE 18. Lycaea pulex Marion, 1874 in A review of the families and genera of the superfamily PLATYSCELOIDEA Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), together with keys to the families, genera and species
FIGURE 18. Lycaea pulex Marion, 1874, male (9.0 mm), Tasman Sea, SAMA C5282. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A), 0.5 mm (remainder).
FIGURE 20. Lycaea pulex Marion, 1874 in A review of the families and genera of the superfamily PLATYSCELOIDEA Bowman & Gruner, 1973 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyperiidea), together with keys to the families, genera and species
FIGURE 20. Lycaea pulex Marion, 1874, female (8.2 mm) and male (9.0 mm), Tasman Sea, SAMA C5281 & C5282. Mouthparts from male. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (A2-m), 0.2 mm (remainder).
FIGURE 4 in Epibiotic rotifers of Gammarus pulex (L.) (Crustacea, Amphipoda), with descriptions of two new species and notes on the terminology of the trophi
FIGURE 4. Flabella, rami apophyses and transversal sclerites, SEM photographs. A. Cephalodella theodora, complete set of trophi, inner view; B. C. theodora, flabellum; C. C. gibba, ventro-frontal, flabella; D. Cephalodella sp. 1, flabellum; E. C. megalocephala, complete set, lateral right; F. C. megalocephala, flabellum; G. Cephalodella sp. 2, subdistal lateral ramus apophysis; H. C. theodora, apical rami apophyses; I. Notommata glyphura, transversal sclerites; J. N. copeus, transversal sclerite, right; K. N. copeus, transversal sclerite, left. aa: apical ramus apophysis; f: flabellum; la: subdistal lateral ramus apophysis; mt: medial rami teeth; p: pecten; su: subuncus consisting of field of knobbed protuberances; u: uncus. Scale bars: A−E, I−H: 10 µm, F: 1 µm.
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