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49 results for “Punishment”
Witchcraft trials in the Czech lands: Data on persons, places, charges, punishments, and material substances
<p>This is the most comprehensive digital dataset of witchcraft trials in the Czech lands since the earliest case in 1491 until as late as 1785. The dataset covers 257 cases. It records the year, the suspects' names, their sex, places of residence (including geographic coordinates), charges, results of the trial, places of interrogation (including geographic coordinates), and the material substances they were charged of using to perform magic. The dataset allows researchers to conduct systematic and quantitative research into early modern withcraft trials, crime and punishment, as well as the imagery of magic and evil-doing. It also allows to include the Czech lands in broader quantitative studies of European witchcraft trials on a large temporal and geographic scale. Five B.A. theses have been written at Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic on the basis of this dataset.</p> <p>The dataset does not cover all known trials. Based on data availability, we did our best to cover what was published and reasonably accessible, but we did not perform original archival research. Our very rough estimate is that up to 100 further specific witchcraft trials in the Czech lands could be identified in published material, and archival work could reveal further ca. 250-800 cases.</p>
Data from: Learning of probabilistic punishment as a model of anxiety produces changes in action but not punisher encoding in the dmPFC and VTA
<p>Previously, we developed a novel model for anxiety during motivated behavior by training rats to perform a task where actions executed to obtain a reward were probabilistically punished and observed that after learning, neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) represent the relationship between action and punishment risk (Park & Moghaddam, 2017). Here we used male and female rats to expand on the previous work by focusing on neural changes in the dmPFC and VTA that were associated with the learning of probabilistic punishment, and anxiolytic treatment with diazepam after learning. We find that adaptive neural responses of dmPFC and VTA during the learning of anxiogenic contingencies are independent from the punisher experience and occur primarily during the peri-action and reward period. Our results also identify peri-action ramping of VTA neural calcium activity, and VTA-dmPFC correlated activity, as potential markers for the anxiolytic properties of diazepam.</p>
Data from: Neural interactions in the human frontal cortex dissociate reward and punishment learning
<p>How human prefrontal and insular regions interact while maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments is unknown. Capitalizing on human intracranial recordings, we demonstrate that the functional specificity toward reward or punishment learning is better disentangled by interactions compared to local representations. Prefrontal and insular cortices display non-selective neural populations to reward and punishment. The non-selective responses, however, give rise to context-specific interareal interactions. We identify a reward subsystem with redundant interactions between the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, with a driving role of the latter. In addition, we find a punishment subsystem with redundant interactions between the insular and dorsolateral cortices, with a driving role of the insula. Finally, switching between reward and punishment learning is mediated by synergistic interactions between the two subsystems. These results provide a unifying explanation of distributed cortical representations and interactions supporting reward and punishment learning.</p>
Data from: Learning of probabilistic punishment as a model of anxiety produces changes in action but not punisher encoding in the dmPFC and VTA
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Data from: Neural interactions in the human frontal cortex dissociate reward and punishment learning
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The Punishment- A study of Farnese Hercules
The Punishment- A digital study of Farnese Hercules sculpture This work of mine is a digital study I made on Farnese Hercules sculpture. Ancient Roman sculptures carry lot of stories and mysteries with them.This is called Farnese Hercules as it was excavated by the Farnese family. Wildly powerful figure with incredible musculature ,but also the figure is exhausted with tiredness on his face. The statue is Hellenistic with taller proportions and a smaller head. The original sculpture was made by Lysippos and later reproduced by Glykon. #classicsculpture #digital #sculpture #3D #3dprinting #vfx #MrX #zbrush #keyshot #anatomy #character #power #hercules Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Contingent reward, punishment and employee performance
<p><strong>Background</strong>: This paper investigated the connection between transactional leadership styles, contingent rewards, punishments, and employee performance while emphasizing employee engagement's mediating role. Existing research has predominantly focused on isolated associations between contingent rewards, punishment, and employee performance, leaving gaps in the empirical exploration of these mediating mechanisms. To address this research gap, our study has introduced a conceptual framework to understand the multifaceted connection between contingent rewards, punishment, and their effects on employee performance, with a specific emphasis on the mediating function of employee engagement.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We involved 273 full-time non-clinical healthcare professionals employed in NABH-accredited hospitals in Jharkhand, India. <span>A structured survey instrument was employed for data collection from the specific survey participants, with the investigation of the research hypotheses conducted through the application of partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). </span></p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Preliminary findings suggested that contingent rewards and punishment do not directly influence employee performance. Instead, our study highlighted the critical mediating role of employee engagement, particularly its dimensions of Vigor, absorption, and dedication.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This research has underscored rewards and punishments as essential tools for influencing employee behaviour, motivation, and performance. Employee engagement, as a multifaceted construct, not only benefits individual employees but also significantly impacts overall organizational performance and success.</p>
The paradigm of tax-reward and tax-punishment strategies in the advancement of public resource management dynamics
<p>In contemporary society, the effective utilization of public resources remains a subject of significant concern. A common issue arises from defectors seeking to obtain an excessive share of these resources for personal gain, potentially leading to resource depletion. To mitigate this tragedy and ensure sustainable development of resources, implementing mechanisms to either reward those who adhere to distribution rules or penalize those who do not, appears advantageous. We introduce two models: a tax-reward model and a tax-punishment model, to address this issue. Our analysis reveals that in the tax-reward model, the evolutionary trajectory of the system is influenced not only by the tax revenue collected but also by the natural growth rate of the resources. Conversely, the tax-punishment model exhibits distinct characteristics when compared to the tax-reward model, notably the potential for bistability. In such scenarios, the selection of initial conditions is critical, as it can determine the system's path. Furthermore, our study identifies instances where the system lacks stable points, exemplified by a limit cycle phenomenon, underscoring the complexity and dynamism inherent in managing public resources using these models.</p>
Data and files for: Decoupling cooperation and punishment in humans shows that punishment is not an altruistic trait
<p>Economic experiments have suggested that cooperative humans will altruistically match local levels of cooperation ('conditional cooperation') and pay to punish non-cooperators ('altruistic punishment'). Evolutionary models have suggested that if altruists punish non-altruists this could favour the evolution of costly helping behaviours (cooperation) among strangers. An often-key requirement is that helping behaviours and punishing behaviours form one single, conjoined trait ('strong reciprocity'). Previous economics experiments have provided support for the hypothesis that punishment and cooperation form one conjoined, altruistically motivated, trait. However, such a conjoined trait may be evolutionarily unstable, and previous experiments have confounded a fear of being punished with being surrounded by cooperators, two factors that could favour cooperation. Here, we experimentally decouple the fear of punishment from a cooperative environment and allow cooperation and punishment behaviour to freely separate (420 participants). We show, that if a minority of individuals are made immune to punishment, they (1) learn to stop cooperating on average despite being surrounded by high levels of cooperation, contradicting the idea of conditional cooperation; and (2) often continue to punish, 'hypocritically', showing that cooperation and punishment do not form one, altruistically motivated, linked trait.</p>
The cost of noise: Stochastic punishment falls short of sustaining cooperation in social dilemma experiments
<p>Identifying mechanisms able to sustain costly cooperation among self-interested agents is a central problem across social and biological sciences. One possible solution is peer punishment: when agents have an opportunity to sanction defectors, classical behavioral experiments suggest that cooperation can take root. Overlooked from standard experimental designs, however, is the fact that real-world human punishment---the administration of justice---is intrinsically noisy. Here we show that stochastic punishment falls short of sustaining cooperation in the repeated public good game. As punishment noise increases, we find that contributions decrease and punishment efforts intensify, resulting in a 45% drop in gains compared to a noiseless control. Moreover, we observe that uncertainty causes a rise in antisocial punishment, a mutually harmful behavior previously associated with societies with a weak rule of law. Our approach brings to light challenges to cooperation that cannot be explained by economic rationality and strengthens the case for further investigations of the effect of noise---and not just bias---on human behavior.</p>
The Metadata of "The punishment intensity for research misconduct and its related factors: An exploratory study on hospitals in Mainland China"
<p>This is the metadata of the research article <em>The punishment intensity for research misconduct and its related factors: An exploratory study on hospitals in Mainland China.</em></p> <p> </p>
Power and punishment influence negotiations over parental care
Asymmetries in power, the ability to influence the outcome of conflict, are ubiquitous in social interactions because interacting individuals are rarely identical. It is well-documented that asymmetries in power influence the outcome of reproductive conflict in social groups. Yet power asymmetries have received little attention in the context of negotiations between caring parents, which is surprising given that parents are often markedly different in size. Here we built on an existing negotiation model to examine how power and punishment influence negotiations over care. We incorporated power asymmetry by allowing the more powerful parent, rank 1, to inflict punishment on the less powerful parent, rank 2. We then determined when punishment will be favored by selection and how it would affect the negotiated behavioral response of each parent. We found that with power and punishment, a reduction in one parent's effort results in partial compensation by the other parent. However, the degree of compensation is asymmetric: the rank 2 compensates more than the rank 1. As a result, the fitness of rank 1 increases and the fitness of rank 2 decreases, relative to the original negotiation model. Furthermore, because power and punishment enable one parent to extract greater effort from the other, offspring can do better, i.e. receive more total effort, when there is power and punishment involved in negotiations over care. These results reveal how power and punishment alter the outcome of conflict between parents and affect offspring, providing insights into the evolutionary consequences of exerting power in negotiations.
Centralized Punishment in Public Good Experiments
<p>The data is of the economic experiment, namely the Public Goods Game with centralized punishment conducted in Georgia in October 2020. The experiment was conducted online via LIONESS web-based software. The experiment was conducted in Georgian Language. The data is translated from Georgian language into English language as well as the instructions used in the experiment. The participants were mostly students of different major. The data consist of three treatments: (1) Control treatment - a standard Public Goods Game (PPG) of 10 rounds; (2) I&P9090 and (3) I&P9010 treatments of two stage PGG with centralized punishment mechanism with different probabilities of punishment of free riders, each stage was of 10 rounds, in stage 1 participants play PGG with centralized punishment and in stage 2 players play standard PGG of ten rounds. All three treatments were partner treatments with constant group composition. </p>
The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia promotes transient punishment, but not motor suppression
<p>Data and code for manuscript entitled "The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia promotes transient punishment, but not motor suppression"</p>
Plasticity of neuronal dynamics in the lateral habenula for cue-punishment associative learning.
<p>The brain’s ability to associate threats with external stimuli is vital to execute essential behaviours including avoidance. Disruption of this process contributes instead to the emergence of pathological traits which are common in addiction and depression. However, the mechanisms and neural dynamics at the single-cell resolution underlying the encoding of associative learning remain elusive. Here, employing a Pavlovian discrimination task in mice we investigate how neuronal populations in the lateral habenula (LHb), a subcortical nucleus whose excitation underlies negative affect, encode the association between conditioned stimuli and a punishment (unconditioned stimulus). </p>
Single unit electrophysiology of optogenetically identified dopamine neurons in classical conditioning with probabilistic outcome of reward and punishment
<p>We collected single-unit data (.mat file) from optogenetically identified dopamine neurons in the lateral VTA in mice. These dopamine neurons were recorded while animals performed 4 different variation of classical conditioning tasks with different ratio of probabilistic outcomes of water reward and aversive air puff. In one task, one cue was associated with both water and puff in a probabilistic manner.</p>
Power and punishment influence negotiations over parental care
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Single unit electrophysiology of optogenetically identified dopamine neurons in classical conditioning with probabilistic outcome of reward and punishment
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Contingent reward, punishment and employee performance
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Data and files for: Decoupling cooperation and punishment in humans shows that punishment is not an altruistic trait
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