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28 results for “Pygmy right whale”
Fig. 2 in A Late Miocene potential neobalaenine mandible from Argentina sheds light on the origins of the living pygmy right whale
Fig. 2. Left mandible of a fossil neobalaenine baleen whale, gen. et. sp. indet. (MPEF-PV2572) from Punta Ninfas, Chubut Province, Argentina; Puerto Madryn Formation (Late Miocene), showing the mandibular condyle as preserved in the field prior to excavation.
Fig. 1 in A Late Miocene potential neobalaenine mandible from Argentina sheds light on the origins of the living pygmy right whale
Fig. 1. Left mandible of a fossil neobalaenine baleen whale, gen. et sp. indet. (MPEF-PV2572) from Punta Ninfas Chubut Province, Argentina; Puerto Madryn Formation (Late Miocene). A. Lateral view. B. Medial view. C. Medial view of the posterior region of the mandible showing the morphology of the coronoid process. D. Dorsal view of the mandible showing the lateral curvature of the body. E. Anteromedial view of the mandible showing the medial torsion of the anteriormost portion of the body.
Supporting Data for: The genome of the pygmy right whale illuminates the evolution of rorquals
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk108424880"></a><em><u><span>Background</span></u></em></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>Baleen whales are a clade of gigantic and highly specialized marine mammals. Their genomes have been used to investigate their complex evolutionary history and to decipher the molecular mechanisms that allowed them to reach these dimensions. However, many unanswered questions remain, especially about the early radiation of rorquals and how cancer resistance interplays with their huge number of cells. The pygmy right whale is the smallest and most elusive among the baleen whales. It reaches only a fraction of the body length compared to its relatives and it is the only living member of an otherwise extinct family. This placement makes the pygmy right whale genome an interesting target to update the complex phylogenetic past of baleen whales, because it splits up an otherwise long branch that leads to the radiation of rorquals. Apart from that, genomic data of this species might help to investigate cancer resistance in large whales, since these mechanisms are not as important for the pygmy right whale as in other giant rorquals and right whales. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><em><u><span>Results</span></u></em></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>Here, we present a first <em>de novo</em> genome of the species and test its potential in phylogenomics and cancer research. To do so, we constructed a multi-species coalescent tree from fragments of a whole-genome alignment and quantified the amount of introgression in the early evolution of rorquals. Furthermore, a genome wide comparison of selection rates between large and small bodied baleen whales revealed a small set of conserved candidate genes with potential connections to cancer resistance. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><em><u><span>Conclusions</span></u></em></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><span>Our results suggest that the evolution of rorquals is best described as a hard polytomy with a rapid radiation and high levels of introgression. The lack of shared positive selected genes between different large-bodied whale species supports a previously proposed convergent evolution of gigantism and hence cancer resistance in baleen whales. </span></span></p>
Supporting Data for: The genome of the pygmy right whale illuminates the evolution of rorquals
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Ancestor-descendant relationships in evolution: origin of the extant pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata
Ancestor–descendant relationships (ADRs), involving descent with modification, are the fundamental concept in evolution, but are usually difficult to recognize. We examined the cladistic relationship between the only reported fossil pygmy right whale, Miocaperea pulchra, and its sole living relative, the enigmatic pygmy right whale Caperea marginata, the latter represented by both adult and juvenile specimens. Miocaperea is phylogenetically bracketed between juvenile and adult Caperea marginata in morphologically based analyses, thus suggesting a possible ADR—the first so far identified within baleen whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti). The Miocaperea–Caperea lineage may show long-term morphological stasis and, in turn, punctuated equilibrium.
Figure 19 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 19. Phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov.: 50% majority rule strict consensus bootstrap tree. Statistics: tree length, 1068 steps; consistency index, 0.3287; consistency index excluding uninformative characters, 0.3204; rescaled consistency index, 0.2079; homoplasy index, 0.6713; homoplasy index excluding uninformative characters, 0.6796; retention index, 0.6325.
Figure 22 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 22. Phylogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of mysticetes. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of synapomorphies. Tree statistics are the same as reported in the legend to Figure 17.
Figure 16 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 16. Caperea marginata: auditory ossicles – malleus, incus, and stapes. A–D, stapes; E–G, incus; H–L, malleus. Not to scale. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms.
Figure 21 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 21. Individual variation of the dentary of Caperea marginata. ISAM ZM 40626: A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, dorsal view. ISAM ZM 41126: D, medial view; E, lateral view; F, dorsal view. G, anterior end of left dentary (ISAM ZM 40626); H, posterior end in posterior view (ISAM ZM 40626). Scale bars: 100 mm. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms. ISAM ZM 41126 is a juvenile individual, characterized by an elongated and slender dentary, with dorsal border nearly parallel with the ventral border. ISAM ZM 40626 is an older individual, characterized by the higher mandibular ramus with strong raised dorsal border. Note the different orientation of the articular condyle: it is more posteriorly oriented in the juvenile (D–F), but is dorsal in the adult (A–C). Note the scarce development of the pterygoid groove separating the condyle from the angular process. The angular process is rounded and scarcely developed, resembling that of Balaenidae.
Figure 15 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 15. Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov.: auditory ossicles. A, right incus and stapes, in situ; B, schematic representation of right incus and stapes, in situ; C, left stapes, in situ; D, schematic representation of right stapes, in situ. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms.
Figure 13 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 13. Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov.: left and right periotics in situ. A, B, right periotic; C, D, left periotic. Scale bar: 20 mm. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms.
Figure 11 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 11. Skull in posterior view. A, Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov.; B, Caperea marginata (specimen ZM 41126). Scale bars: 100 mm. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms.
Figure 10 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 10. Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov.: holotype, basicranium, left side. A, holotype skull; B, schematic representation. Scale bars: 50 mm. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms.
Figure 9 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 9. Vertex of Neobalaenidae. A, B, Caperea marginata specimen ISAM ZM 41126, a possibile young adult; C, D, Caperea marginata specimen ISAM 03/06 (on display), a juvenile (not newborn) individual. E, F, Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov. (holotype), reconstruction of vertex. Not to scale. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms. Note that in the living C. marginata, the bone arrangement at the cranial vertex differs in relation to the age of the individuals. In fact, in the young adult individual the interorbital region of the frontal is reduced to an anteroposteriorly compressed portion, but in the juvenile this region is further expanded. Moreover, in the adult individual, the posteromedial corners of the maxilla are located under the supraoccipital, but in the juvenile they are separated from it.
Figure 8 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 8. Schematic representation of the structure of the temporal fossa in Neobalaenidae. A, Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov., right squamosal in anterodorsal view; B, M. pulchra gen. et sp. nov., left squamosal in anterodorsal view; C, M. pulchra gen. et sp. nov., sketch of right squamosal in anterodorsal view; D, M. pulchra gen. et sp. nov., sketch of left squamosal in anterodorsal view; E, Caperea marginata (ZM 41126), right temporal fossa in ventrolateral view; F, C. marginata (ZM 41126), sketch of right temporal fossa in ventrolateral view. Scale bars: 50 mm. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms.
Figure 7 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 7. Caperea marginata: specimen AMNH AMO 36692 in right lateral view, showing baleen. Scale bar: 200 mm. The specimen is older than the other specimens represented in Figure S1. Note the angle between the posterior projection of the exoccipital and the dorsal surface of the supraoccipital: this arrangement corresponds to a different geometry of the posterior portion of the skull in the adult individual, with respect to the juveniles of Figure S3.
Figure 6 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 6. Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov.: holotype, baleen. A, skull in right lateral view; B, rostrum in ventral view, showing the baleen; C, rostrum in right ventrolateral view, showing the whole baleen series as preserved; D, close-up view of right baleen series in lateral view; E, close-up view of left baleen series in ventrolateral view (ventral is upside). Scale bars: 50 mm.
Figure 12 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 12. Caperea marginata: basicranium. A, right side (specimen ZM 41126) with tympanic bulla in situ; B, left side (same specimen), tympanic bulla removed, periotic in situ. Scale bar: 100 mm. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms.
Figure 5 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 5. Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov.: holotype, infraorbital foramina and cast of trigeminal nerve. Scale bars: 50 mm. See Anatomical abbreviations for definitions of the acronyms. Anterior is on the left. Note that hard matrix filled the infraorbital foramina, forming a natural endocast of the exit of the trigeminal nerve (V).
Figure 4 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Miocaperea pulchra, the first fossil pygmy right whale genus and species (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Neobalaenidae)
Figure 4. Miocaperea pulchra gen. et sp. nov.: transverse sections of the right side of the rostrum. All sections represent the dorsal surface of the right maxilla and premaxilla. A, posterior section; B, section taken at approximately mid-length of narial fossa; C, anterior section. Numbers on the left refer to the distance (in mm) from the anterior end of the rostrum. Scale bar: 10 mm. *lateral border of maxilla; #premaxilla– maxilla suture.
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