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Fig. 5 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 5. Hind wing shape variation (CV1: 50.41%; CV2: 15.49%). The colored circles in the image above represent the average discrete point center of populations; the number is the population ID. Thin-plate spline analysis results are shown by colored grid, which represents wing shape deformation. The numbers on the grid are landmarks of wings. Blue color denotes contraction between landmarks, and red color indicates expansion between landmarks. The North group and South group correspond to the boundary of Qinling Mountains as the boundary between northern and southern China.

Fig. 4 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 4. Forewing shape variation (CV1: 46.68%; CV2: 14.88%). The colored circles in the image above represent the average discrete point centers of populations; the number is the population ID. Thin-plate spline analysis results are shown by colored grid, which represents wing shape deformation. The numbers on the grid are landmarks of wings. Blue colored notes contraction between landmarks, and red color indicates expansion between landmarks. The North group and South group correspond to the boundary of Qinling Mountains as the boundary between northern and southern China.

Fig. 1 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 1. Distribution map of the P. rapae populations studied and the integrated physical regionalization (diverse environments) in the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions. Note: The numbers represent the IDs of the populations; the circles and groups represent the populations divided by the cluster analysis from Fig. 6.

Fig. 3 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 3. Boxplot of P. rapae centroid size (CS) with the mean, standard error, and standard deviation illustrating variations in wing size across geographical populations.

Fig. 6 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 6. UPGMA tree of P. rapae forewing and hind wing among different populations, based on Euclidian distances between mean wing shapes. The cluster numbers are population IDs (see Table 1).The groups are divided by Euclidian distances, i.e., the forewing divided by a linkage distance at 0.0027 and the hind wing by a linkage distance at 0.0038.

Figure 4 in A new Radix species from Qinling Mountains, China (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)

Figure 4. Median-joining network of the COI sequences of the Radix alticola species group (R. alticola, R. dgebuadzei sp. nov., R. euphratica, R. plicatula, and R. sp. Trichonis) (n=56). The red numbers near branches indicate the numbers of nucleotide substitutions between haplotypes. Size of circles corresponds to the number of available sequences for each haplotype (smallest circle = 1 sequence).

Figure 3 in A new Radix species from Qinling Mountains, China (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Radix species based on the COI barcode sequence dataset (n=56). Radix dgebuadzei sp. nov. is in red. Black numbers near nodes are bootstrap support values. Scale bar indicates the branch length.

Figure 2 in A new Radix species from Qinling Mountains, China (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)

Figure 2. Shell shape, mantle and foot pigmentations, and fragments of the reproductive system of lymnaeids: A) Radix dgebuadzei sp. nov., the holotype, shell (ZIN); B) R. dgebuadzei, shells of the paratypes (RMBH); C) R. dgebuadzei, mantle pigmentation, a paratype (RMBH); D) R. dgebuadzei, pigmentation on the back of the head, a paratype (RMBH); E) R. dgebuadzei, the copulatory apparatus of a paratype (RMBH); F) R. dgebuadzei, a fragment of the female reproductive system of the paratype (RMBH); G) R. plicatula, shells of samples from Sun Jia He River, China (RMBH); H) R. plicatula, mantle pigmentation (RMBH); I) R. plicatula, pigmentation on the back of the head (RMBH); J) R. euphratica, shells of samples from Tajikistan (RMBH); K) R. euphratica, mantle pigmentation (RMBH). Scale bar = 2 mm. (Photos: O.V. Aksenova, M.V. Vinarski).

Figure 1 in A new Radix species from Qinling Mountains, China (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae)

Figure 1. Type locality of Radix dgebuadzei sp. nov.: A) general map revealing the position of the Qinling Mountains in China (red frame); B) geographic position of the type locality (red star); C) and D) the type locality: Sun Jia He River in the vicinity of the Shangtan village, Gansu Province, China (Maps: M.Yu. Gofarov; photos: V.S. Artamonova).

Figures 12–16 in Three new species of genus Homoneura from Qinling Mountains, China (Diptera: Lauxaniidae)

Figures 12–16. Homoneura (Homoneura) xunyangensis Gao & Shi sp. nov., paratype, male. 12. Habitus, lateral view. 13–14. Head, anterior and lateral view. 15. Thorax, dorsal view. 16. Wing.

Figures 7–11 in Three new species of genus Homoneura from Qinling Mountains, China (Diptera: Lauxaniidae)

Figures 7–11. Homoneura (Homoneura) gaotangensis Gao & Shi sp. nov., paratype, male genitalia. 7. Syntergosternite and epandrial complex, lateral view. 8. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 9. Syntergosternite, anterior view. 10. Phallus complex, ventral view. 11. Phallus complex, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figures 29–33 in Three new species of genus Homoneura from Qinling Mountains, China (Diptera: Lauxaniidae)

Figures 29–33. Homoneura (Homoneura) dorsocuspidata Gao & Shi sp. nov., paratype, male genitalia. 29. Syntergosternite and epandrial complex, lateral view. 30. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 31. Syntergosternite, anterior view. 32. Phallus complex, ventral view. 33. Phallus complex, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figures 17–21 in Three new species of genus Homoneura from Qinling Mountains, China (Diptera: Lauxaniidae)

Figures 17–21. Homoneura (Homoneura) xunyangensis Gao & Shi sp. nov., paratype, male genitalia. 17. Syntergosternite and epandrial complex, lateral view. 18. Epandrial complex, posterior view. 19. Syntergosternite, anterior view. 20. Phallus complex, ventral view. 21. Phallus complex, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Figures 1–6 in Three new species of genus Homoneura from Qinling Mountains, China (Diptera: Lauxaniidae)

Figures 1–6. Homoneura (Homoneura) gaotangensis Gao & Shi sp. nov., paratype, male. 1. Habitus, lateral view. 2–3. Head, anterior and lateral view. 4. Thorax, dorsal view. 5. Abdomen, lateral view. 6. Wing.

Figures 22–28 in Three new species of genus Homoneura from Qinling Mountains, China (Diptera: Lauxaniidae)

Figures 22–28. Homoneura (Homoneura) dorsocuspidata Gao & Shi sp. nov., paratype, male. 22. Habitus, lateral view. 23–24. Head, anterior and lateral view. 25. Thorax, dorsal view. 26–27. Abdomen, dorsal and lateral view. 28. Wing.

Figure 4 in Phylogeography of Gyrodactylus konovalovi (Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae) in the Qinling Mountains in Central China

Figure 4. Plots of genetic differentiation estimates of Fst against geographic distance (km) between populations within the cox1 dataset of G. konovalovi. The linear regression overlays the scatter plots (R2=0.2508, P<0.001).

Figure 1 in Phylogeography of Gyrodactylus konovalovi (Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae) in the Qinling Mountains in Central China

Figure 1. Map of sampling localities for G. konovalovi populations. The map was downloaded from the National Geomatics Center of China with slight modification using Arcgis10.1. The locality codes are given in Table 1. The lineages labeled red, blue, and green represent for lineages A, B, and C, respectively.

Figure 6 in Phylogeography of Gyrodactylus konovalovi (Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae) in the Qinling Mountains in Central China

Figure 6. Bayesian skyline plot estimated for the demographic patterns of three lineages of G. konovalovi. The X-axis represents time in millions of years, and the Y-axis represents effective population size. The solid line represents the median value of population size, and the dashed lines represent the 95% higher posterior density.

Figure 5 in Phylogeography of Gyrodactylus konovalovi (Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae) in the Qinling Mountains in Central China

Figure 5. Mismatch distributions for three lineages of G. konovalovi. The observed pairwise differences are shown as red bars and the simulated values under the sudden expansion model are indicated by blue solid lines.

Figure 3 in Phylogeography of Gyrodactylus konovalovi (Monogenoidea: Gyrodactylidae) in the Qinling Mountains in Central China

Figure 3. Median-joining network for all haplotypes of G. konovalovi based on the cox1 gene. The lineages colors correspond to Fig. 2.