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13 results for “R language”
Do Current Language Models Support Code Intelligence for R Programming Language?
<p>This is the dataset used in the paper: Do Current Language Models Support Code Intelligence for Programming Language?</p> <p> </p> <p>This dataset contains code snippets from R programming language repositories on GitHub, paired with their corresponding natural language (NL) descriptions. It was created for research in software engineering tasks like code summarization and code search. The data was collected using the GitHub REST API and includes over 1,500 public R repositories. To ensure quality, only active, well-structured R packages with proper documentation were included. Roxygen2, a popular documentation framework, was used to extract both the code and its matching NL descriptions.</p> <p>The dataset is organized into three parts: base R functions (Base), functions from the tidyverse (Tidy), and a combined set (RCombine). The dataset follows the CodeSearchNet format, with a split for training, validation, and testing data, ensuring no duplicate functions.</p>
Diversification and change in the R programming language
<p>Languages change over time, driven by creation of new words and cultural pressure to optimise communication. Programming languages resemble written language but communicate primarily with computer hardware rather than a human audience. I tested for changes over time in use of R, a mature, open-source programming language used for scientific computing. Across 393,142 GitHub repositories published between 2014 and 2021, I extracted 143,409,288 R functions, programming "verbs", and paired linguistic and ecological approaches to estimate change in the diversity and composition of function use over time. I found that the number of R functions in use increased and underwent substantial change, driven primarily by the popularity of the "tidyverse" collection of community-written extensions. I provide evidence that users can directly change the nature of programming languages, with patterns that match known processes from natural languages and genetic evolution. In the case of R, patterns suggested there are selective pressures for increased analytic complexity and R functions in decline but not extinct ("extinction debts"). R's evolution towards the tidyverse may also represent the start of a division into two distinct dialects, which may impact the readability and continuity of analytic and scientific inquiries codified in R, as well as the language's future.</p>
Diversification and change in the R programming language
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Acoustic correlates of stress in 16 Australian languages [R Markdown]
<p>R Markdown with regression model results investigating the acoustic correlates of stress in 16 Indigenous Languages of Australia. Published as supplementary material to the author's dissertation, "Archival Phonetics & Prosodic Typology in Sixteen Australian Languages," 2022.</p>
Appendix B in R. Turunen (2021). Shades of Red: Evolution of the Political Language of Finnish Socialism from the Nineteenth Century until the Civil War of 1918. The Finnish Society for Labour History.
<p>This is Appendix B in R. Turunen (2021). <em>Shades of Red: Evolution of the Political Language of Finnish Socialism from the Nineteenth Century until the Civil War of 1918</em>. The Finnish Society for Labour History. The XLSX file contains words that appear more frequently than statistically expected in the socialist newspapers compared to the non-socialist newspapers. Keyness value was calculated using the log-likelihood (4-term) test. The dataset of socialist newspapers consists of the following lemmatized raw text files:<strong> </strong><em>Työmies</em> 1895–1917, <em>Kansan Lehti</em> 1898–1917, <em>Vapaa Sana</em> 1906–1917 and <em>Savon Työmies</em> 1906–1910. The dataset of non-socialist newspapers consists of the following lemmatized raw text files: <em>Uusi Suometar</em> 1895–1917, <em>Päivälehti </em>/ <em>Helsingin Sanomat</em> 1895–1917, <em>Aamulehti</em> 1895–1917, <em>Tampereen Sanomat</em> 1904–1917, <em>Pohjan Poika</em> 1906–1909, <em>Pohjanmaa</em> 1909–1912, <em>Pohjalainen</em> 1911–1915, <em>Savotar </em>1906–1910 and <em>Otava </em>1904–1909. Available from https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/opendata. The analysis is described more carefully in R. Turunen (2021). <em>Shades of Red: Evolution of the Political Language of Finnish Socialism from the Nineteenth Century until the Civil War of 1918. </em>The Finnish Society for Labour History.</p>
Handwritten newspapers used in Turunen, R. (2021). Shades of Red: Evolution of the Political Language of Finnish Socialism from the Nineteenth Century until the Civil War of 1918
<p>This dataset contains XLSX files of five different handwritten newspapers: <em>Kuritus </em>(1909–1911), <em>Palveliatar</em> (1907–1913, 1917), <em>Yritys</em> (1915–1917), <em>Tehtaalainen</em> (1908–1914, 1917) and <em>Nuija </em>(1899–1903, 1907–1909, 1912, 1914–1915).</p> <p>The original sources and the coding scheme for the XLSX files are described in:</p> <p>Turunen, R. (2021). <em>Shades of Red: Evolution of the Political Language of Finnish Socialism from the Nineteenth Century until the Civil War of 1918</em>. The Finnish Society for Labour History.</p>
Comparison of ABLLS-R and Portage Guide in the Development of Receptive Language Skills Autism Spectrum Disorder.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06292520. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Supplementary material 1 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Linguistic isolates performance in verbal and nonverbal tests
Figure 5 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 5 - Flexible syntax, prepositions, adjectives, verb tenses, and other common elements of grammar, all facilitate the human ability to communicate an infinite number of novel images with the use of a finite number of words. The graph shows the number of distinct images that can be transmitted with high fidelity in a communication system with 1,000 nouns as a function of the number of spatial prepositions. In a communication system with no spatial prepositions and other recursive elements, 1000 nouns can communicate 1000 images to a listener. Adding just one spatial preposition allows for the formation of three-word phrases (such as: 'a bowl behind a cup' or 'a cup behind a bowl') and increases the number of distinct images that can be communicated to a listener from 1000 to one million (1000x1x1000). Adding a second spatial preposition and allowing for five-word sentences of the form object-preposition-object-preposition-object (such as: a bowl on a cup behind a plate) increases the number of distinct images that can be communicated to four billion (1000x2x1000x2x1000). The addition of a third spatial preposition increases the number of distinct images to 27 trillion (1000x3x1000x3x1000x3x1000), and so on. In general, the number of distinct images communicated by three-word sentences of the structure object-preposition-object equals the number of object-words times the number of prepositions times the number of object-words. A typical language with 1000 nouns and 100 spatial prepositions can theoretically communicate 1000101 x 100100 distinct images. This number is significantly greater than the total number of atoms in the universe. For all practical purposes, an infinite number of distinct images can be communicated by a syntactic communication system with just 1000 words and a few prepositions. Prepositions, adjectives, and verb tenses dramatically facilitate the capacity of a syntactic communication system with a finite number of words to communicate an infinite number of distinct images. Linguists refer to this property of human languages as recursion. The "infiniteness" of human language has been explicitly recognized by "Galileo, Descartes, and the 17th-century 'philosophical grammarians' and their successors, notably von Humboldt" (Hauser et al. 2002). The infiniteness of all human languages stand in stark contrast to finite homesign communication systems that are lacking spatial prepositions, syntax, and other recursive elements of a formal sign language.
Figure 4 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 4 - Synchronicity has to be understood in terms of synchronicity of the arrival of action potentials to a target neuron rather than absolute equality of action potential conduction times over different paths. Consider the following example: suppose neuron A is receiving excitatory input from neurons B and C via two different pathways (neuron A is the target neuron for both neurons B and C). Suppose that the action potential conduction time is 2ms from neuron B to neuron A and 22ms from neuron C to neuron A (i.e., the axonal pathway B-A has a significantly shorter conduction time than the axonal pathway C-A). Does it mean that the connections B-A and C-A are always asynchronous? No. The answer depends on the predominant neural activity rhythm in this network. At the firing rate of 50Hz (inter-spike interval of 20ms that correspond to Gamma rhythm), neurons B and C can actually be considered synchronous in relationship to neuron A: consider a train of action potentials synchronously fired by neurons B and C. The first action potential from neuron B will reach neuron A in 2ms and the first action potential from neuron C will reach neuron A in 22ms. Obviously, there would be no coincidence in the arrival times of the 1st action potentials from neurons B and C. However the second action potential from neuron B will arrive to neuron A in 22ms, concurrently with the 1st action potential from neuron C. Thus, starting with the second action potential, neuron A will receive synchronous activation from neurons B and C. The synchronous activation has a significantly greater probability of enhancing synaptic connections between neurons A and B, and A and C (Hebbian learning: 'neurons that fire together, wire together' (Hebb 1949). Thus, synchronicity does not need to imply absolute equality in the conduction time over different pathways. Rather synchronicity implies near-zero phase-shift between the two firing trains of action potentials at the postsynaptic cells. This phase-shift depends on conduction times over each pathway and also on the dominant firing frequency in the neural network.
Figure 2 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 2 - A typical question testing subject's ability to mentally rotate an object is shown here as a 2x2 matrix with six answer choices displayed below the problem. The top row of the matrix indicates the rule: "the object in the right column is the result of 45° clockwise rotation." Applying this rule to the bottom row, we arrive at the correct answer depicted on the right.
Figure 1 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 1 - Visual information processing in the cortex. From the primary visual cortex (V1, shown in yellow), the visual information is passed in two streams. The neurons along the ventral stream also known as the ventral visual cortex (shown in purple) are primarily concerned with what the object is. The ventral visual stream runs into the inferior temporal lobe. The neurons along the dorsal stream also known the dorsal visual cortex (shown in green) are primarily concerned with where the object is. The dorsal visual stream runs into the parietal lobe.
Figure 3 from: Vyshedskiy A, Mahapatra S, Dunn R (2017) Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e20696. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696
Figure 3 - Linguistic isolates performance in verbal and nonverbal tests. This Figure is also available as a Power Point slide in Suppl. material 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.