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10 results for “Rana sylvatica”
Outdoor mesocosm study evaluating how mass, NaCl tolerance, and pesticide tolerance affect oxidative stress biomarkers (CAT, SOD, GR, GPx, TBARS) in larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) exposed to baseline and NaCl-contaminated conditions, 2019
Biomarkers of oxidative stress can aid in wildlife monitoring by allowing conservationists to detect sublethal environmental shifts. However, interpretation of stress responses can be complicated by multiple interacting factors (e.g., individual development, evolved physiological tolerance to stressors) which alter biomarker expression. Here, we investigated how individual ontogenetic traits and population-level tolerance traits influence oxidative stress responses under baseline and contaminated environmental conditions. For our model contaminant, we used NaCl (common freshwater contaminant due to factors such as coastal flooding, irrigation, airborne salt circulation, drought, runoff from road deicing salts). For our model wildlife populations, we used larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from six noninteracting populations known to vary in two population-level tolerance traits: NaCl tolerance (calculated as average time to death from lethal NaCl exposure) and pesticide tolerance (determined by proxy of distance to agriculture - a consistent and highly repeatable relationship). At an outdoor research facility, R. sylvatica tadpoles were exposed to either baseline conditions (0 g/L NaCl added) or NaCl-contaminated conditions (1 g/L NaCl added for 21 days, then reduced to 0.5 g/L NaCl). Exposures were conducted in individual units with 40 replicates per population for each treatment. The experiment was terminated per individual to capture the full term of larval development (Developmental stage: Gosner stage 36), lasting between 33-48 days. For each individual, we measured mass, Snout-Vent-Length, and developmental stage before processing for biomarker expression. Individual homogenates were assayed for oxidative stress biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD; responsible for Reactive Oxygen Species capture and peroxide production), glutathione peroxidase (GPx; responsible for high-affinity peroxide reduction), catalase (CAT; responsible for low-affinity peroxide reducti
Selection for phenotypic plasticity in Rana sylvatica tadpoles, 1998.
The hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity is an adaptation to environmental variation rests on the two assumptions that plasticity improves the performance of individuals that possess it, and that it evolved in response to selection imposed in heterogeneous environments. The first assumption has been upheld by studies showing the beneficial nature of plasticity. The second assumption is difficult to test since it requires knowing about selection acting in the past. However, it can be tested in its general form by asking whether natural selection currently acts to maintain phenotypic plasticity. We adopted this approach in a study of plastic morphological traits in larvae of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. First we reared tadpoles in artificial ponds for 18 days, in either the presence or absence of Anax dragonfly larvae (confined within cages to prevent them from killing the tadpoles). These conditioning treatments produced dramatic differences in size and shape: tadpoles from ponds with predators were smaller and had relatively short bodies and deep tail fins. We estimated selection by Anax on the two kinds of tadpoles by testing for non-random mortality in overnight predation trials. Dragonflies imposed strong selection by preferentially killing individuals with relatively shallow and short tail fins, and narrow tail muscles. The same traits that exhibited the strongest plasticity were under the strongest selection, except that tail muscle width exhibited no plasticity but experienced strong increasing selection. A laboratory competition experiment, testing for selection in the absence of predators, showed that tadpoles with deep tail fins grew relatively slowly. In the cattle tanks, where there were also no free predators, the predator-induced phenotype survived more poorly and developed slowly, but this cost was apparently not associated with particular morphological traits. These results indicate that selection is currently promoting morphological plasticity in
Data from: Phenological delay despite warming in wood frog (Rana sylvatica) reproductive timing: a 20-year study
<p>Across all taxa, amphibians exhibit some of the strongest phenological shifts in response to climate change. As climates warm, amphibians and other animals are expected to breed earlier in response to temperature cues. However, if species use fixed cues such as daylight, their breeding timing might remain fixed, potentially creating disconnects between their life history and environmental conditions. Wood frogs (<i>Rana </i>sylvatica) are a cold-adapted species that reproduce in early spring, immediately after breeding ponds are free of ice. We used long-term surveys of wood frog oviposition timing in 64 breeding ponds over 20 years to show that, despite experiencing a warming of 0.29 °C per decade in annual temperature, wood frog breeding phenology has shifted later by 2.8 days since 2000 (1.4 days per decade; 4.8 days per °C). This counterintuitive pattern is likely the result of changes in the timing of snowpack accumulation and melting. Finally, we used relationships between climate and oviposition between 2000 and 2018 to hindcast oviposition dates from climate records to model longer-term trends since 1980. Our study indicates that species can respond to fine-grained seasonal climate heterogeneity within years that is not apparent or counterintuitive when related to annual trends across years.</p>
Temperature-mediated tradeoff between development and performance in larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)
<p>Countergradient variation has been detected in diverse taxa. In a common manifestation, individuals from colder environments develop faster than conspecifics from warmer environments when placed in a common garden. Where such a pattern exists, it implies a tradeoff: individuals from warmer environments have intrinsic rates of development lower than those demonstrated by other individuals of the same species. We explored a tradeoff between development rate and locomotor performance in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), an amphibian for which countergradient variation has been well documented. We reared wood frogs from 10 populations under two temperature regimes, bracketing the temperatures observed in local natural ponds. Individuals reared under warmer conditions developed more rapidly but exhibited burst speeds 20% lower than individuals reared under colder conditions. The shape of the relationship was consistent across the 10 populations and thus, we found no evidence of countergradient variation in performance. Burst speed assays of wild-caught tadpoles from the same populations showed a similar but nonsignificant trend, with greater variability among ponds. Overall, our findings support the existence of a tradeoff that may be of broad importance and which may help explain widespread occurrence of countergradient variation.</p>
Data from: Development, validation, and evaluation of an assay for the detection of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) in environmental DNA
We developed and describe a qPCR assay for the detection of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) using environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling. A single primer set was designed to amplify a 115-bp region of the wood frog cytochrome B gene and assessed for target specificity. There was no evidence of amplification in 11 non-target species. We evaluated the utility of the primer set in qPCR assay by conducting geo-referenced eDNA field surveys in Interior Alaska. Results indicate that the assay consistently detects wood frog DNA in the environment to 1.83 × 10−3 pg/μL. The assay provides a complement to traditional survey methods and can be readily applied in a wider conservation and management context.
Data from: The effect of habitat fragmentation on finescale population structure of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)
We examined the impact of recent anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) breeding sites in Wellington County of Ontario, Canada. In addition to geographic distance (average pairwise distance ~22 km, greatest distance ~50.22 km), four landscape features hypothesized to contribute to genetic differentiation between breeding sites were considered: road density, a major highway (highway 401), canopy cover, and watershed discontinuity. Analysis of data from 396 samples across nine breeding sites using eight microsatellite DNA loci, revealed a small degree of significant genetic structure between breeding sites. The presence of highway 401 and road density were correlated with small but statistically significant structure observed between several groups of sites. One outlier breeding site outside of Wellington County located within the city of Toronto, had significantly lower allelic richness and much larger population differentiation with the Wellington sites. Our data suggest that recent fragmentation has had an effect on wood frog population structure and also demonstrate the importance of dispersal for this species in maintaining levels of genetic diversity.
Temperature-mediated tradeoff between development and performance in larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)
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Data from: The effect of habitat fragmentation on finescale population structure of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Development, validation, and evaluation of an assay for the detection of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) in environmental DNA
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Phenological delay despite warming in wood frog (Rana sylvatica) reproductive timing: a 20-year study
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