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9 results for “Recolonization by carnivores”
No Allee effect detected during the natural recolonization by a large carnivore despite low growth rate
<p>Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have recently naturally recolonized southern Sweden. The first documented reproduction of lynx in recent times occurred in 2003, and the population increased from two to 48 family groups (the unit of measurement in Swedish monitoring) during its first 18 years (2003/04 – 2020/21). We did not detect any Allee effect, i.e., lower growth rate at low population density, during the recolonization of southern Sweden, although our population simulations revealed a non-negligible (30 %) chance that population observed development could include an Allee effect. The probable absence of an Allee effect was likely because colonizing females did not lack mating partners, as a larger number of wide-ranging males were established in the area before documented reproduction took place. Despite the absence of an Allee effect, the growth rate during recolonization was lower in southern Sweden (lambda = 1.20) than in central Sweden (lambda = 1.29). We have no evidence of higher mortality, including that from poaching, or lower reproduction in southern Sweden could explain the lower growth rate. Instead, we suggest that the lower growth rate during the recolonization of southern Sweden was explained by fewer immigrants arriving from central Sweden due to areas of less suitable habitat between central and southern Sweden, partially preventing immigration southward. From a conservation point of view, it is positive that this small population could recover without being negatively influenced by an Allee effect, as small populations with an Allee effect experience lower viability than those without.</p>
Understanding habitat selection of range-expanding populations of large carnivores: 20 years of grey wolves (Canis lupus) recolonizing Germany
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The non-stationarity in habitat selection of expanding populations poses a significant challenge for spatial forecasting. Focusing on the grey wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) natural recolonization of Germany, we compared the performance of different distribution modelling approaches for predicting habitat suitability in unoccupied areas. Furthermore, we analysed whether grey wolf showed non-stationarity in habitat selection in newly colonized areas, which will impact the predictions for potential habitat.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Germany</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Using telemetry data as presence points, we compared the predictive performance of five modelling approaches based on combinations of distribution modelling algorithms –GLMM, MaxEnt, and ensemble modelling– and two background point selection strategies. We used a homogeneous Poisson point process to draw background points from either the minimum convex polygons derived from telemetry or the whole area known to be occupied by wolves. Models were fit to the data of the first years and validated against independent data representing the expansion of the species. The best-performing approach was then used to further investigate non-stationarity in the species' response in spatiotemporal restricted datasets that represented different colonization steps.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Whilst all approaches performed similarly when evaluated against a subset of the data used to fit the models, the ensemble model based on integrated data performed best when predicting range expansion. Models for subsequent colonization steps differed substantially from the global model, highlighting the non-stationarity of wolf habitat selection towards human disturbance during the colonization process.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: While telemetry-only data overfitted the models, using all available datasets increased the reliability of the range expansion forecasts. The non-stationarity in habitat selection pointed to wolves settling in the best areas first, and filling in nearby lower-quality habitat as the population increases. Our results caution against spatial extrapolation and space-for-time substitutions in habitat models, at least with expanding species.</p>
No Allee effect detected during the natural recolonization by a large carnivore despite low growth rate
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Understanding habitat selection of range-expanding populations of large carnivores: 20 years of grey wolves (Canis lupus) recolonizing Germany
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Data from: Impact of a recolonizing, cross-border carnivore population on ungulate harvest in Scandinavia
<p>Predation from large carnivores and human harvest are the two main mortality factors affecting the dynamics of many ungulate populations. We examined long-term moose (<i>Alces alces</i>) harvest data from two countries that share cross-border populations of wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>) and their main prey moose. We tested how a spatial gradient of increasing wolf territory density affected moose harvest density and age and sex composition of the harvested animals (n = 549,310), along a latitudinal gradient during 1995-2017. In areas containing average-sized wolf territories, harvest density was on average 37% (Norway) and 51% (Sweden) lower than in areas without wolves. In Sweden, calves made up a higher proportion of the moose harvest than in Norway, and this proportion was reduced with increased wolf territory density, while it increased in Norway. The proportion of females in the adult harvest was more strongly reduced in Sweden than in Norway as a response to increased wolf territory density. Moose management in both countries performed actions aimed to increase productivity in the moose population, in order to compensate for the increased mortality caused by wolves. These management actions are empirical examples of an adaptive management in response to the return of large carnivores.</p>
Recolonizing carnivores: Is cougar predation behaviorally mediated by bears? Cougar Killsite Data
<p>Conservation and management efforts have resulted in population increases and range expansions for some apex predators, potentially changing trophic cascades and predatory behavior. Changes in sympatric carnivore and dominant scavenger populations provide opportunities to assess how carnivores affect one another. Cougars (<i>Puma concolor</i>) were the apex predator in the Great Basin of Nevada, USA, for over 80 years. Black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) have recently recolonized the Great Basin and are known to heavily scavenge on cougar kills; however, competitive interactions between the two species in the Great Basin have yet to be examined. We investigated kill sites of 31 cougars between 2009 and 2017 across a range of bear densities to evaluate the impacts of sympatric, recolonizing bears on cougar foraging behavior. We modeled the variation in feeding bout duration (number of nights spent feeding on a prey item) and the proportion of primary prey, mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>), in cougar diets using mixed-effects models. We found that feeding bout duration was driven primarily by the size of the prey item being consumed, local bear density, and the presence of dependent kittens. The proportion of mule deer in cougar diet across all study areas declined over time, was lower for male cougars, increased with the presence of dependent kittens, and increased with higher bear densities. In sites with feral horses (<i>Equus ferus)</i>, a novel large prey, cougar consumption of feral horses increased over time. Our results suggest that higher bear densities over time may reduce cougar feeding bout durations and may influence the prey selection trade-off for cougars when alternative, but more dangerous, large prey are available. Shifts in foraging behavior in multi-carnivore systems can have cascading effects on prey items. This study highlights the importance of measuring the impacts of sympatric apex predators and dominant scavengers on a shared resource base and, thus, provides a foundation for monitoring dynamic multi-predator/scavenger systems.</p>
Recolonizing carnivores: Is cougar predation behaviorally mediated by bears? Cougar Killsite Data
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Data from: Impact of a recolonizing, cross-border carnivore population on ungulate harvest in Scandinavia
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Supplementary material 1 from: Tattoni C (2019) Nomen omen. Toponyms predict recolonization and extinction patterns for large carnivores. Nature Conservation 37: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.37.38279
: Data type: statistical data
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