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36 results for “Resilience and Resistance”
CEE01 The Climate Extremes Experiment (CEE): Assessing ecosystem resistance and resilience to repeated climate extremes at Konza Prairie
Climate extremes, such as drought, are increasing in frequency and intensity, and the ecological consequences of these extreme events can be substantial and widespread. Yet, little is known about the factors that determine recovery (or resilience) of ecosystem function post-drought. Such knowledge is particularly important because post-drought recovery periods can be protracted depending on drought legacy effects (e.g., loss key plant populations, altered community structure and/or biogeochemical processes). These drought legacies may alter ecosystem function for many years post-drought and may impact future sensitivity (both resistance and resilience) to climate extremes. With forecasts of more frequent drought, there is an imperative to understand whether and how post-drought legacies will affect ecosystem response to future drought events. To address this knowledge gap, we experimentally imposed over an eight year period two extreme growing season droughts, each two years in duration followed by a two-year recovery period, in annually burned tallgrass prairie.
Data for: A fundamental tradeoff among resilience, resistance, efficiency, and redundancy in tidal wetlands
<p>We filtered the raw NASA-MODIS (MOD13Q1) Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) dataset to only inlcude pixels with high tidal wetland class purity and Quality Assurance (QA) reliability scores. We filtered 782,693 tidal wetland pixels with coverage spanning the entire contiguous United States to only include those with greater than 90% tidal wetland class purity. We then further filtered these pixels to only include those where data dropouts in the EVI or QA layer occured fewer than 10% of the time. In the end, we used 145,871 pixels in our analysis. Tidal wetland GPP was calculated by pixel for the dates 3/5/2000 to 12/2/2020 at 16-day intervals using the algorithms published in: </p> <p>R. A. Feagin, I. Forbrich, T.P. Huff, J.G. Barr, J. Ruiz-plancarte, J.D Fuentes, R.G. Najjar, R. Vargas, A. Vazquez-lule, L. Windham-Myers, K. Kroeger, E.J. Ward, G.W. Moore, M. Leclerc, K.W. Krauss, C.L. Stagg, M. Alber, S.H. Knox, K.V.R. Schafer, T.S., Bianchi, J.A. Hutchings, H.B. Nahrawi, A. Noormets, B. Mitra, A. Jaimes, A.L. Hinson, B. Bergamaschi, J. King, and G. Miao., Tidal wetland gross primary production across the continental United States, 2000–2019. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 34, e2019GB006349 (2020).</p> <p>The file named "SWR_90percentFinal.csv" contains the filtered SWR database used to calculate GPP. File named "temp_90percentFinal_rounded.csv" contains the filtered air temperature database used to calculate GPP. The file named "EVI(gapped_filled)_90percentFinal.csv" contains the final gap-filled EVI time series database used to calculate GPP. File named "QA_90%Final.csv" contains the filtered quality assurance (QA) values. Dates in the EVI database where QA = 3 were determined to be of poor quality, removed from the database, and replaced with "NA". Single NA gaps in the EVI database were gap-filled by taking the mean of the dates flanking the NA gap. File named "myGPP(gap_filled)_FINAL.csv" contains the calculated GPP estimates used throughout the study analysis. </p> <p>File named "rawEVI.csv" contains the raw EVI database prior to filtering and gap-filling. File named "rawSWR.csv" contains the raw SWR database prior to filtering. File named "rawAirTemp.csv" contains the air temperature database prior to filtering. File named "rawQA.csv" contains the QA layer of the MOD13 satellite product prior to filtering. These files contain the raw data for all 782,693 tidal wetland pixel locations. These raw files can also be accessed at daac.ornl.gov. </p>
New indicators of ecological resilience and invasion resistance to support prioritization and management in the sagebrush biome, United States
<p>Ecosystem transformations to altered or novel ecological states are accelerating across the globe. Indicators of ecological resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasion can aid in assessing risks and prioritizing areas for conservation and restoration. The sagebrush biome encompasses parts of 11 western states and is experiencing rapid transformations due to human population growth, invasive species, altered disturbance regimes, and climate change. We built on prior use of static soil moisture and temperature regimes to develop new, ecologically relevant and climate-responsive indicators of both resilience and resistance. Our new indicators were based on climate and soil water availability variables derived from process-based ecohydrological models that allow predictions of future conditions. We asked: (1) Which variables best indicate resilience and resistance? (2) What are the relationships among the indicator variables and resilience and resistance categories? (3) How do patterns of resilience and resistance vary across the area? We assembled a large database (n = 24,045) of vegetation sample plots from regional monitoring programs and derived multiple climate and soil water availability variables for each plot from ecohydrological simulations. We used USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service National Soils Survey Information, Ecological Site Descriptions, and expert knowledge to develop and assign ecological types and resilience and resistance categories to each plot. We used random forest models to derive a set of 19 climate and water availability variables that best predicted resilience and resistance categories. Our models had relatively high multiclass accuracy (80% for resilience; 75% for resistance). Top indicator variables for both resilience and resistance included mean temperature, coldest month temperature, climatic water deficit, and summer and driest month precipitation. Variable relationships and patterns differed among ecoregions but reflected environmental gradients; low resilience and resistance were indicated by warm and dry conditions with high climatic water deficits, and moderately high to high resilience and resistance were characterized by cooler and moister conditions with low climatic water deficits. The new, ecologically-relevant indicators provide information on the vulnerability of resources and likely success of management actions and can be used to develop new approaches and tools for prioritizing areas for conservation and restoration actions.</p>
New indicators of ecological resilience and invasion resistance to support prioritization and management in the sagebrush biome, United States
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Fire, elephants, and climate legacies enhance savanna resistance while impeding resilience
<p>Data accompanying the paper:</p> <p>L.M. Vermeulen, B. Verbist, K. Van Meerbeek, J. Slingsby, P.N. Bernardino, B. Somers. 2024. Fire, elephants, and climate legacies enhance savanna resistance while impeding resilience.</p>
Resistance and resilience of species composition: Thirty years of experimental mismanagement and subsequent restoration in a species rich meadow
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Data from: Resistance and resilience of soil microbiomes under climate change
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Data from: A trait-based approach to assessing resistance and resilience to wildfire in two iconic North American conifers
<ol> <li><span>Ongoing changes in fire activity have the potential to drive widespread shifts in Earth's vegetation. Plant traits and vital rates can be indicators of the ability of individuals to survive fire (resistance) and populations to persist (resilience) following fire and provide a <a>method </a>to assess vulnerability to fire-driven vegetation shifts.</span></li> <li><span>In 15 study sites spanning climatic gradients in the southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A., we quantified variation in key traits and vital rates of two co-occurring, widely-distributed conifers (<i>Pinus ponderosa </i>Douglas ex. P. Lawson & C. Lawson and <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii </i>(Mirb.) Franco).<i> </i>We used mixed models to explain inter- and intraspecific variation in tree growth, survival, bark thickness, and seed cone production, as a function of species, tree life stage (i.e., diameter, height, and age), average climate, local competition, and site conditions.</span></li> <li><span><i>P. ponderosa </i>was predicted to survive low-severity fire at a 23% earlier age than <i>P. menziesii</i>. <i>P. ponderosa</i> had thicker bark and more rapid juvenile height growth, traits conferring greater fire resistance. In contrast, <i>P. menziesii </i>was predicted to produce seed cones at a 28% earlier age than <i>P. ponderosa</i>. For both species, larger individuals were more likely to survive fire and to produce cones. For <i>P. ponderosa</i>, cone production increased where average actual evapotranspiration (AET) was higher and local competition was lower. More frequent cone production on productive sites with higher AET is an important and underappreciated mechanism that may help to explain greater resilience to fire in these areas.</span></li> <li><span><i>Synthesis</i>: Our analyses indicated that many plant traits and vital rates related to fire differed between <i>P. ponderosa </i>and <i>P. menziesii</i>, with trade-offs between investment in traits that promote individual defence to fire and those that promote recolonization of disturbed sites. Future changes in fire activity will act as a filter throughout North American forests, with our findings providing insight into which individuals and populations of two iconic species are most vulnerable to future change and offering a framework for future inquiry in other forests facing an uncertain future.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Rat eradication and the resistance and resilience of passerine bird assemblages in the Falkland Islands
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) were introduced to the Falkland Islands and are detrimental to native passerines. Rat eradication programs are being used to help protect the avifauna. The present study assesses the effectiveness of eradication programs while using this conservation practice as a natural experiment to explore the ecological resistance, resilience, and homeostasis of bird communities. We conducted bird surveys on 230 islands: 85 in the presence of rats, 108 that were historically free of rats, and 37 from which rats had been eradicated. Bird detection data were used to build occupancy models for each species and estimate species-area relationships. Count data were used to estimate relative abundance and community structure. Islands with invasive rats had reduced species richness of passerines and a different community structure than islands on which rats were historically absent. Although the species richness of native passerines was remarkably similar on eradicated and historically rat-free islands, community structure on eradicated islands was more similar to that of rat-infested islands than to historically rat-free islands. The results suggest that in the Falkland Islands, species richness of passerines is not resistant to invasive rats, but seems to be resilient following their removal. In contrast, community structure seems to be neither resistant nor resilient. From a conservation perspective, rat eradication programs in the Falkland Islands appear to be effective at restoring native species richness, but they are not necessarily beneficial for species of conservation concern. For species that do not recolonize, translocations following eradications may be necessary.
Measuring resilience and resistance in aging and Alzheimer disease using residual methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis
<p>Objective: There is currently a lack of consensus on how to optimally define and measure resistance and resilience in brain and cognitive aging. Residual methods use residuals from regression analysis to quantify the capacity to avoid (resistance) or cope (resilience) "better or worse than expected" given a certain level of risk or cerebral damage. We reviewed the rapidly-growing literature on residual methods in the context of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and performed meta-analyses to investigate associations of residual-method based resilience and resistance measures with longitudinal cognitive and clinical outcomes.</p> <p>Methods: A systematic literature search of PubMed and Web-of-Science databases (consulted until March 2020) and subsequent screening led to 54 studies fulfilling eligibility criteria, including 10 studies suitable for the meta-analyses.</p> <p>Results: We identified articles using residual methods aimed at quantifying resistance (n=33), cognitive resilience (n=23) and brain resilience (n=2). Critical examination of the literature revealed that there is considerable methodological variability in how the residual measures were derived and validated. Despite methodological differences across studies, meta-analytic assessments showed significant associations of levels of resistance (HR[95%CI]=1.12[1.07-1.17], p<0.0001) and levels of resilience (HR[95%CI]=0.46[0.32-0.68], p<0.001) with risk of progression to dementia/AD. Resilience was also associated with rate of cognitive decline (β[95%CI]=0.05[0.01-0.08], p<0.01).</p> <p>Conclusion: This review and meta-analysis supports the usefulness of residual methods as appropriate measures of resilience and resistance, as they capture clinically meaningful information in aging and AD. More rigorous methodological standardization is needed, however, to increase comparability across studies and, ultimately, application in clinical practice.</p>
Data from: Yield of temperate forage grassland species is either largely resistant or resilient to experimental summer drought
Due to climate change, an increasing frequency and severity of drought events are expected to impair grassland productivity, particularly of intensively managed temperate grasslands. To assess drought impacts, a common field experiment to manipulate precipitation was set up at three sites (two Swiss and one Irish) using monocultures and mixtures with two and four key forage species. Species differed in their functional traits: a shallow-rooted non-legume (Lolium perenne L.), a deep-rooted non-legume (Cichorium intybus L.), a shallow-rooted legume (Trifolium repens L.) and a deep-rooted legume (Trifolium pratense L.). A nine-week summer drought was simulated and soil water status and above-ground biomass yield were compared to a rainfed control. Based on soil water measurements, the drought induced severe stress at both Swiss sites and extreme stress at the Irish site. Under severe drought, the legumes were more drought-resistant and showed an average change in above-ground biomass (CAB, compared to rainfed control) of only -8% and -24% (for the two Swiss sites) while the non-legumes had an average CAB of -51% and -68%. However, under extreme drought, all species were substantially impaired, with an average CAB of -85%. During a six-week post-drought period with adequate water supply (Swiss sites), formerly drought-stressed species were highly resilient and attained (legumes) or clearly outperformed (non-legumes) the yield level of the rainfed controls. As a result, aggregated over the drought and the post-drought periods, a negative drought impact was largely absent. Significant overyielding by multi-species mixtures was evident under rainfed control (+38% predicted CAB across all sites, P < 0.05) and persisted under severe drought conditions (+50%, P < 0.05). This overyielding was so large that drought-stressed mixtures at least attained the same yield as the average of the rainfed monocultures. Yields of selected species of intensively managed temperate grasslands are either resistant to a single severe drought or are highly resilient as soon as soil moisture levels recover after the drought event. Combining species in mixtures can compensate for yield reductions caused by severe drought and it offers a practical management tool to adapt forage production to climate change.
Monitoring resistance and resilience using carbon trajectories: analysis of forest management-disturbance interactions
<p>A changing climate is altering ecosystem carbon dynamics with consequences for natural systems and human economies, but there are few tools available for land managers to meaningfully incorporate carbon trajectories into planning efforts. To address uncertainties wrought by rapidly changing conditions, many practitioners adopt resistance and resilience as ecosystem management goals, but these concepts have proven difficult to monitor across landscapes. Here, we address the growing need to understand and plan for ecosystem carbon with concepts of resistance and resilience. Using time series of carbon fixation (n=103), we evaluate forest management treatments and their relative impacts on resistance and resilience in the context of an expansive and severe natural disturbance. Using subalpine spruce-fir forest with a known management history as a study system, we match metrics of ecosystem productivity (net primary production, g·C·m<sup>2</sup>·y<sup>-1</sup>) with site-level forest structural measurements to evaluate (1) whether past management efforts impacted forest resistance and resilience during a spruce beetle (<em>Dendroctonus rufipennis</em>) outbreak, and (2) how forest structure and physiography contribute to anomalies in carbon trajectories. Our analyses have several important implications. First, we show that the framework we applied was robust for detecting forest treatment impacts on carbon trajectories, closely tracked changes in site-level biomass, and was supported by multiple evaluation methods converging on similar management effects on resistance and resilience. Second, we found that stand species composition, site productivity, and elevation predicted resistance, but resilience was only related to elevation and aspect. Our analyses demonstrate application of a practical approach for comparing forest treatments and isolating specific site and physiographic factors associated with resistance and resilience to biotic disturbance in a forest system, which can be used by managers to monitor and plan for both outcomes. More broadly, the approach we take here can be applied to many scenarios, which can facilitate integrated management and monitoring efforts.</p>
Ecological resilience and resistance to extreme weather events - review data
<p>Extreme weather events (EWEs) are expected to increase in stochasticity, frequency, and intensity due to climate change. Documented effects of EWEs, such as droughts, hurricanes, and temperature extremes, range from shifting community stable states to species extirpations. To date, little attention has been paid to how populations resist and/or recover from EWEs through compensatory (behavioural, demographic or physiological) mechanisms; limiting the capacity to predict species responses to future changes in EWEs. Here, we systematically reviewed the global variation in species' demographic responses, resistance to, and recovery from EWEs across weather types, species, and biogeographic regions. Through a literature review and meta-analysis, we <span>tested the prediction that population abundance and probability of persistence will decrease in populations after an EWE and how compensation affects that probability. Across 524 species population responses to EWEs reviewed (27 articles), we noted large variation in responses, such that, on average, the effect of EWEs on population demographics was not negative as predicted. The majority of species populations (80.4%) demonstrated compensatory mechanisms during events to reduce their deleterious effects. However, for populations that were negatively impacted, the demographic consequences were severe. Nearly 20% of the populations monitored experienced declines of over 50% after an EWE</span>, and 6.8% of populations were extirpated. Population declines were reflected in a <span>reduction in survival. Further, resilience was not common, as 80.0% of populations that declined did not recover to before EWE levels while monitored. </span>However, average monitoring time was only two years with over a quarter of studies tracking recovery for less than the study species generation time. We conclude that EWEs have positive and negative impacts on species demography, and this varies by taxa. Species population recovery over short time intervals is rare, but long-term studies are required to accurately assess species resilience to current and future events.</p>
Vegetation resistance and resilience to a decade-long dry period in the temperate grasslands in China
<p>The duration of climate anomalies has been increasing across the globe, leading to ecosystem function loss. Thus, we need to understand the responses of the ecosystem to long-term climate anomalies. It remains unclear how ecosystem resistance and resilience respond to long-term climate anomalies, e.g., continuous dry years at a regional scale. Taking the opportunity of a 13-year dry period in the temperate grasslands in northern China, we quantified the resistance and resilience of the grassland in response to this periodic dry period. We found vegetation resistance to the dry period increased with mean annual precipitation (MAP), while resilience increased at first until at MAP of 250 mm and then decreased slightly. No trade-off between resistance and resilience was detected when MAP < 250 mm. Our results highlight that xeric ecosystems are most vulnerable to the long-term dry period. Given expected increases in drought severity and duration in the coming decades, our findings may be helpful to identify vulnerable ecosystems in the world for the purpose of adaptation.</p>
Resistance Training on Elderly Resilience
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04690465. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Yield of temperate forage grassland species is either largely resistant or resilient to experimental summer drought
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Data from: Resistance and resilience to changing climate and fire regime depend on plant functional traits
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Ecological resilience and resistance to extreme weather events - review data
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Data from: A trait-based approach to assessing resistance and resilience to wildfire in two iconic North American conifers
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Data from: Rat eradication and the resistance and resilience of passerine bird assemblages in the Falkland Islands
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