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Fig. 10 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 10. Comparisons of inflammatory cells recruited to inflammatory foci in cane toads, Rhinella marina (a) and native frogs, Cyclorana australis (b). Each anuran species was exposed to infective larvae of Rhabdias hylae (white bars) and Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (grey bars). Graphs show average values ± 1 S.E.M.

Fig. 7 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 7. Histological investigation of lungworm infection in anurans. Graphs show the proportion of (a) metamorph native frogs (Cyclorana australis) and (b) metamorph cane toads (Rhinella marina) infected with lungworms, not infected with lungworms, or with inflammatory 'foci' (probable cases of a lungworm larva penetrating the anuran's body but failing to survive).

Fig. 2 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 2. The distribution of lungworm larvae in cane toad metamorphs. (a) Toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias hylae (native frog lungworm) and (b) toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (cane toad lungworm). Data in panel (b) are from Pizzatto et al. (2010), with permission. LUNG refers to adult lungworms found within the lung, SKIN/MUSCLE refers to larvae found in the skeletal muscle or subcutaneous tissue, HEAD refers to larvae detected in the head or neck region (excluding those found in eye tissue), EYE indicates larvae found in the eye or periocular tissue, and COELOM denotes larvae within the coelom or coelomic membranes.

Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a transverse section of (a) R. hylae larva in the connective tissue of the head of a cane toad and (b) the inflammatory response composed primarily of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells surrounding the parasite. Haematoxylin and eosin stain, 400× magnification, scale bar equals 30 μm.

Fig. 4 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 4. Effect of time since exposure to Rhabdias hylae larvae on cane toad metamorphs: (a) shows the number of larvae found in toads and (b) shows the number of foci (areas of inflammation with no visible larvae) in toads, as determined by histological methods.

Fig. 9 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 9. Change in the average number of inflammatory foci (probable cases of larval parasites breaking down) observed in all anurans over time. Graph shows average values ± 1 S.E.M.

Fig. 6 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 6. Effects of Rhabdias hylae infection on cane toad metamorphs: (a) the average percentage of neutrophils and (b) lymphocytes around inflammation sites over time in cane toads infected with Rhabdias hylae. Graphs show average values ±1 S.E.M.

Fig. 3 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 3. The state of Rhabdias hylae larvae in cane toads as a function of days-post treatment. The graph shows larval numbers as the percentage of total larvae that were seen at each time period.

Fig. 5 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 5. Average inflammation severity surrounding Rhabdias hylae larvae and foci (probable larvae being broken down by the host's immune system) within infected cane toads at different numbers of days post-infection. Graph shows average values ±1 S.E.M.

Fig. 8 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 8. Changes through time (days post-infection) on the relative numbers of anurans that were infected with lungworms, and that contained adult versus juvenile stages of the parasites involved. Data are shown for two lungworm species (Rhabdias hylae from native frogs, and Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala from invasive cane toads) and for two types of host: the native frog, Cyclorana australis, and the cane toad, Rhinella marina. The panels show data for (a) C. australis infected with R. pseudosphaerocephala, (b) C. australis infected with R. hylae, (c) cane toads infected with R. pseudosphaerocephala and (d) cane toads infected with R. hylae.

FIGURE 5 in Rhabdias lamothei n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Leptodeira maculata (Colubridae) in Mexico, including new records of R. fuscovenosa (Railliet, 1899) Goodey, 1924

FIGURE 5. Geographical distribution of Rhabdias lamothei n. sp. and R. fuscovenosa in Mexico. = R. lamothei; = R. fuscovenosa (data based on the present study); = R. fuscovenosa (previous records).

FIGURE 3 in Rhabdias lamothei n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Leptodeira maculata (Colubridae) in Mexico, including new records of R. fuscovenosa (Railliet, 1899) Goodey, 1924

FIGURE 3. SEM microphotograps of Rhabdias lamothei n. sp. details of the external morphology. A. Anterior end, subapical view. B. Shape of the posterior end, subventral view. C. Details of the shape tail, markedly elongated subventral view; transversal striations on the posterior end (narrow).

FIGURE 2. Rhabdias lamothei n in Rhabdias lamothei n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Leptodeira maculata (Colubridae) in Mexico, including new records of R. fuscovenosa (Railliet, 1899) Goodey, 1924

FIGURE 2. Rhabdias lamothei n. sp. A. Anterior end, lateral view. B. Cephalic end, lateral view. C. Vulva region, lateral view. D. Tail end, lateral, view. E. Larval and embrionated eggs, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1mm (Fig. 1 A, C, D, and E), and 0.05 mm (Fig 1. B).

FIGURE 4 in Rhabdias lamothei n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Leptodeira maculata (Colubridae) in Mexico, including new records of R. fuscovenosa (Railliet, 1899) Goodey, 1924

FIGURE 4. SEM microphotograps of Mexican Rhabdias fuscovenosa details of the external morphology. A. Anterior end, subapical view. B. Shape of the tail, sharp terminal point, subventral view.

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FIGURE 1. Rhabdias lamothei n in Rhabdias lamothei n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Leptodeira maculata (Colubridae) in Mexico, including new records of R. fuscovenosa (Railliet, 1899) Goodey, 1924

FIGURE 1. Rhabdias lamothei n. sp. A. Body total, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1mm.