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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2018View details →

Fig 1 in Essential oils from Citrus x aurantium and Citrus x latifolia (Rutaceae) have anesthetic activity and are effective in reducing ion loss in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Fig 1. Net ion (Na+, K+, Cl̅) fluxes (a-b) and ammonia excretion (c-d) in silver catfish through 8 h of exposure to essential oils of Citrus x aurantium (EOCA) and Citrus x latifolia (EOCL). Values are means ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P <0.05). Positive values indicate net influxes and negative values net effluxes.

Fig. 2 in Repeated stressors do not provoke habituation or accumulation of the stress response in the catfish Rhamdia quelen

Fig. 2. Plasma cortisol concentrations of R. quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) fingerlings exposed to sequential acute stressors. Comparison of responses to two similar stressors and a third different stressor in experiment "A" and comparison of responses to three sequential stressors of the same type in experiment "B." Data are expressed in terms of mean ± S.E.M. values. The different small letters above the histograms indicate statistical differences by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's range test. (n = 8-9).

Fig. 1 in Anesthetic activity of Brazilian native plants in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Fig. 1. Induction time and recovery of essential oils in silver catfish juveniles: a = Hesperozygis ringens; b = Ocotea acutifolia. Stages of induction were observed according to Schoettger & Julin (1967). Maximum observation time for induction and recovery was 30 min. Data are presented as mean±SEM (N = 5-6). Different letters indicate significant differences among concentrations for the same induction stage (P<0.05). Recovery time was omitted of Fig. 1b because it was higher than 30 min for most fish tested (see results).

Fig. 3 in Anesthetic activity of Brazilian native plants in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Fig. 3. Blood glucose levels after anesthesia of silver catfish with essential oils: A = essential oil of Hesperozygis ringens; B = essential oil of Ocotea acutifolia; W = water control; EC = ethanol control. Data are presented as mean±SEM (N = 6). Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (P<0.05).

Fig. 1 in Repeated stressors do not provoke habituation or accumulation of the stress response in the catfish Rhamdia quelen

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the experimental design of both groups of experiments. In experiment "A," Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) fingerlings were sequentially exposed to the same stressors twice and to a different stress the third time. In experiment "B," R. quelen fingerlings were sequentially exposed as the same stressors 3 times.

Fig. 2 in Anesthetic activity of Brazilian native plants in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Fig. 2. Anesthetic effect of essential oils obtained from Lippia sidoides in silver catfish juveniles: a = Stage 2; b = Stage 3a; c = Stage 3b; d = Stage 4, according to Schoettger & Julin (1967). Maximum observation time for induction was 30 min. Data are presented as mean±SEM (N = 6). Different letters indicate significant differences among concentrations within each sample and * describes significant differences among samples (P<0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2013View details →

Fig. 3 in Efficacy of eugenol and the methanolic extract of Condalia buxifolia during the transport of the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen

Fig. 3. The net ion (Na+, Cl- and K+) fluxes measured for the transport of Rhamdia quelen in plastic bags with eugenol and with the methanolic extract of Condalia buxifolia added to the water. The values are the means ± SEM. The different letters indicate significant differences between the treatments for the same ion (P<0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2013View details →

Fig. 1 in Efficacy of eugenol and the methanolic extract of Condalia buxifolia during the transport of the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen

Fig. 1. Time to reach the light sedation stage in Rhamdia quelen juveniles of two different weight classes exposed to the methanolic extract of Condalia buxifolia. The following equations were fitted to the data: For fish weighing 1.50 ± 0.02 g; y = 209.629 e0.015 x; r2 =0.996. For fish weighing 165.7 ± 22.5 g; y = 2039.020 e0.017 x; r2 =0.999. Where x = the concentration of the methanolic extract of C. buxifolia (µL L-1) and y = time for sedation(s).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Skin extract from Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) does not promote stress in conspecifics

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the tank used for behavioral analysis of R. quelen, indicating the axes of evaluation of locomotory activity (arrows, "x" and "y") and the location of the aeration stone and placement of alarm substance (*).

Fig. 4 in The essential oil from Lippia alba induces biochemical stress in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after transportation

Fig. 4. LPO/CAT+GPx ratio in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) transported in plastic bags containing water treated with the essential oil from Lippia alba. The values are expressed as the means ± SEM. Different letters indicate levels of significance between the treatments (P<0.05).

Fig. 3 in The essential oil from Lippia alba induces biochemical stress in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after transportation

Fig. 3. TBARS (A) and protein carbonilation (B) levels in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) transported in plastic bags containing water treated with the essential oil from Lippia alba. The values are expressed as the means ± SEM. Different letters indicate difference levels of significance between the treatments (P<0.05).

Fig. 2. Glutathione-S in The essential oil from Lippia alba induces biochemical stress in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after transportation

Fig. 2. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity (A), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (B), non-protein thiol group (NPSH) content (C) and ascorbic acid (D) content in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) transported in plastic bags containing water treated with the essential oil from Lippia alba. The values are expressed as the means ± SEM. Different letters indicate levels of significance between the treatments (P<0.05).

Fig. 1 in The essential oil from Lippia alba induces biochemical stress in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after transportation

Fig. 1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities (A and B, respectively) in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) transported in plastic bags containing water treated with the essential oil from Lippia alba. The values are expressed as the means ± SEM. Different letters indicate levels of significance between the treatments (P<0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Fig. 2 in Glyphosate-based herbicide affects biochemical parameters in Rhamdia quelen Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 and) Leporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837)

Fig. 2. Protein carbonyl levels in the liver of Rhamdia quelen and Leporinus obtusidens that were exposed to glyphosate for 96 h. Data represent the mean ± SD (n = 6, in duplicate). *Indicates difference significant compared to control group (P≤ 0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in Glyphosate-based herbicide affects biochemical parameters in Rhamdia quelen Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 and) Leporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes, 1837)

Fig. 1. NTPDase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase activities in the brain of Rhamdia quelen (A) and Leporinus obtusidens (B) that were exposed to glyphosate for 96 h. Data represent the mean ± SD (n = 6, in duplicate). *Indicates difference significant compared to the control group (P≤ 0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in Characterization of the ovary fatty acids composition of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) (Teleostei: Siluriformes), throughout their reproductive cycle

Fig. 1. Adult Rhamdia quelen sampling points location in the upper rio Uruguay. Geographical location of the points: rio Pelotinhas (PH: 28º09'41.1"S 50º26'34.3"W), mouth of rio Pelotinhas with rio Pelotas (MP: 28º30.0'32.1" S 50º56'40.9'' W), rio Pelotas BP: 28º12.0'49.7''S 50º45.0'22.6''W) and rio Vacas Gordas (VG: 28º1.0'15.5''S 46º57'1.0''W).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →

Fig.2. Relationship between unsaturated and saturated1 in Characterization of the ovary fatty acids composition of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) (Teleostei: Siluriformes), throughout their reproductive cycle

Fig.2. Relationship between unsaturated and saturated1fatty acids in Rhamdia quelen ovaries collected from natural environment and grouped according to their gonadal maturation stage. UFA/SFA = (monounsaturated fatty acids + polyunsaturated fatty acids)/ saturated fatty acids.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in Anesthetic activity of the essential oil of Ocimum americanum in Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) and its effects on stress parameters

Fig. 1. Effects of the essential oil of Ocimum americanum (LEO) on cortisol (A), glucose (B) and Na+ (C) levels of R. quelen after handling. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences between times after handling within same experimental group, # represents statistical differences in comparison to water control at the same time after handling, and * corresponds to differences in relation to basal level. Scheirer-Ray-Hare extension of the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Dunn test or two-way ANOVA and Tukey test were used (P <0.05).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2011View details →

Fig. 5. Average and 95 in Larvae occurrences of Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) in an area under dam influence in the upper Paraná River region, Brazil

Fig. 5. Average and 95% confidence interval for the mean log (Dens. + 1) observed in the different sampling stations 10 during the period (Different letters indicate significant differences according to the Unequal HSD test).