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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Potential current and future distribution of the Andean toad Rhinella spinulosa (ANURA: BUFONIDAE): basis for conservation.

Data and script for ecological niche model. Layers are included for. the present and future

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Phylogenomics, introgression, and demographic history of South American true toads (Rhinella)

The effects of genetic introgression on species boundaries and how they affect species' integrity and persistence over evolutionary time have received increased attention. The increasing availability of genomic data has revealed contrasting patterns of gene flow across genomic regions, which impose challenges to inferences of evolutionary relationships and of patterns of genetic admixture across lineages. By characterizing patterns of variation across thousands of genomic loci in a widespread complex of true toads (Rhinella), we assess the true extent of genetic introgression across species thought to hybridize to extreme degrees based on natural history observations and multi-locus analyses. Comprehensive geographic sampling of five large-ranged Neotropical taxa revealed multiple distinct evolutionary lineages that span large geographic areas and, at times, distinct biomes. The inferred major clades and genetic clusters largely correspond to currently recognized taxa; however, we also found evidence of cryptic diversity within taxa. While previous phylogenetic studies revealed extensive mito-nuclear discordance, our genetic clustering analyses uncovered several admixed individuals within major genetic groups. Accordingly, historical demographic analyses supported that the evolutionary history of these toads involved cross-taxon gene flow both at ancient and recent times. Lastly, ABBA-BABA tests revealed widespread allele sharing across species boundaries, a pattern that can be confidently attributed to genetic introgression as opposed to incomplete lineage sorting. These results confirm previous assertions that the evolutionary history of Rhinella was characterized by various levels of hybridization even across environmentally heterogeneous regions, posing exciting questions about what factors prevent complete fusion of diverging yet highly interdependent evolutionary lineages.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

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Sex-based differences in the use of post-fire habitats by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina)

Wildfires can modify habitat attributes, and those changes may differentially affect males versus females within a species if there is pre-existing niche divergence between the sexes. We used radio-tracking and dissections to study invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina), and performed transect counts on native frogs and cane toads 12 months after extensive fires in forests of eastern Australia. Both toads and native frogs were encountered more frequently in burned sites than in unburned sites. Most microhabitat features were similar between burned versus unburned areas, but fire had differential impacts on the ecology of male versus female toads. In burned areas females were less numerous but were larger, in better body condition, and had consumed more prey (especially, coleopterans and myriapods). The impact of fire on attributes of retreat-sites (e.g., temperature, density of vegetation cover) also differed between the sexes. More generally, intraspecific divergence in ecological traits within a species (as a function of body size as well as sex) may translate into substantial divergences in the impacts of habitat change.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

23E. Rhinella margaritifera. Male.Triunfo, Bolivar.This population could represent R in Catalogue of the amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and annotated species list, distribution, and conservation

23E. Rhinella margaritifera. Male.Triunfo, Bolivar.This population could represent R. martyi. Photo: César Barrio-Amorós.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2014View details →

Fig. 1. 2D in Proteomic profile of Ortleppascaris sp.: A helminth parasite of Rhinella marina in the Amazonian region

Fig. 1. 2D gel containing the somatic extract of Ortleppascaris sp. larvae. See Table 1 for details.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Ortleppascaris sp. and your host Rhinella marina: A proteomic view into a nematode-amphibian relationship

Fig. 1. Two-dimensional gel of proteins originating from cystic fluid of Ortleppascaris sp. encystment.

Fig. 3 in Behavioral, physiological and morphological correlates of parasite intensity in the wild Cururu toad (Rhinella icterica)

Fig. 3. Association between locomotor performance and pulmonary parasite intensity in Rhinella icterica (N = 20; r = –0.49, P = 0.03). SVL = snout-vent length.

Fig. 2 in Behavioral, physiological and morphological correlates of parasite intensity in the wild Cururu toad (Rhinella icterica)

Fig. 2. Association between standard metabolic rate and total parasite intensity in Rhinella icterica (N = 22; r = –0.45, P = 0.03).

Fig. 1 in Behavioral, physiological and morphological correlates of parasite intensity in the wild Cururu toad (Rhinella icterica)

Fig. 1. Association between the score of the first component of a PCA on morphological variables (large heart, kidney and intestine masses) and parasite intensities in Rhinella icterica (N = 16). Full circles represent total parasite intensity (r = 0.66, P <0.01), open circles represent pulmonary parasite intensity (r = 0.71, P <0.01), and open triangles represent intestinal parasite intensity (r = 0.51, P = 0.04).

Fig. 2 in The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad (Rhinella marina)

Fig. 2. Phenomena occurring in pathogen/parasite load during the introduction of exotic host species. All of these concepts are exemplified by the

Fig. 1 in The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad (Rhinella marina)

Fig. 1. Cane toad (Rhinella marina), a large bufonid anuran invasive to Australia. Photo taken by Dr. Matt Greenlees.

Fig. 3 in The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad (Rhinella marina)

Fig. 3. Known distribution of the cane toad throughout Australia. Since arriving in Queensland, Australia in 1935, cane toads have further expanded their range through New South Wales, the Northern Territory, and into Western Australia. Map created by Georgia Ward-Fear (Tingley et al., In review).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in In vitro fertilizations with cryopreserved sperm of Rhinella marina (Anura: Bufonidae) in Ecuador

Fig. 1. Rhinella marina embryo at 31 Gosner stage from in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved sperm.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs

Fig. 1. Study site location in Australia's Northern Territory (left). Map showing the Research Station where the initial amoebiasis outbreak was observed (Shilton et al., 2018); and sample collection sites Leaning Tree Lagoon and Caravan Park (right). In 2018, cane toads and native frogs were collected at Leaning Tree Lagoon. In 2020, cane toads were collected at the Caravan Park and road-killed native frogs were collected from the highway between the Research Station and Leaning Tree Lagoon. Left-hand panel image from GoogleMaps.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Fig. 2 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs

Fig. 2. Six of the amphibian species surveyed for Entamoeba in this study. a) Cyclorana australis, b) Litoria bicolor, c) Litoria dahlii, d) Litoria nasuta, e) Litoria rothii and f) Rhinella marina.

Fig. 5 in Abundance and microhabitat use of the Endangered toad Rhinella yanachaga (Anura: Bufonidae) in the cloud forest of Yanachaga Chemillén National Park, Peru

Fig. 5. Comparisons of the sizes of Rhinella yanachaga individuals. (A) Differences in size of females in dry and wet seasons. (B) Differences in size of males in dry and wet seasons. (C) Differences in size between males and females. (D) Differences in the size of individuals with respect to microhabitats. The different letters indicate significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 according to the Tukey test after GLMM. Error bars represent standard errors.

Fig. 4 in Abundance and microhabitat use of the Endangered toad Rhinella yanachaga (Anura: Bufonidae) in the cloud forest of Yanachaga Chemillén National Park, Peru

Fig. 4. Correlations between the elevation and size of Rhinella yanachaga according to sex. The model presents correlation factors of r2 = 0.34; p = 0.01 for females and r2 = 0.003; p = 0.41 for males. The colors indicate sex (blue for males and red for females) and the shaded areas indicate the 95% confidence limits.

Fig. 2 in Abundance and microhabitat use of the Endangered toad Rhinella yanachaga (Anura: Bufonidae) in the cloud forest of Yanachaga Chemillén National Park, Peru

Fig. 2. Number of Rhinella yanachaga individuals per transect, T1 = 2,800–2,700 m, T2 = 2,700–2,600 m, T3 = 2,600–2,500 m, and T4 = 2,500–2,400 m, according to the elevation gradient for both sexes, in (A) dry season and (B) wet season. (C) Correlation between the abundance of Rhinella yanachaga and elevation for both sexes and seasons. The grey band indicates the 95% confidence limits.

Fig. 3 in Abundance and microhabitat use of the Endangered toad Rhinella yanachaga (Anura: Bufonidae) in the cloud forest of Yanachaga Chemillén National Park, Peru

Fig. 3. Numbers of individuals according to sex and length (SVL) ranges of Rhinella yanachaga in four transects, T1 = 2,800–2,700 m, T2 = 2,700–2,600 m, T3 = 2,600–2,500 m, and T4 = 2,500–2,400 m, according to the elevation gradient in the wet and dry seasons.

Fig. 1 in Abundance and microhabitat use of the Endangered toad Rhinella yanachaga (Anura: Bufonidae) in the cloud forest of Yanachaga Chemillén National Park, Peru

Fig. 1. (A) Map of the study area. The white circle indicates the location of the study site (San Alberto) within Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park, Oxapampa, Pasco; (B) lateral view, (C) ventral view, and (D) dorsal view of Rhinella yanachaga in life. Map by Vladimir Camel (A), photos by Shirley Huamán-Trucios (B–D).