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48 results for “Rhinella marina”
Sex-based differences in the use of post-fire habitats by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina)
<p>Wildfires can modify habitat attributes, and those changes may differentially affect males versus females within a species if there is pre-existing niche divergence between the sexes. We used radio-tracking and dissections to study invasive cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>), and performed transect counts on native frogs and cane toads 12 months after extensive fires in forests of eastern Australia. Both toads and native frogs were encountered more frequently in burned sites than in unburned sites. Most microhabitat features were similar between burned versus unburned areas, but fire had differential impacts on the ecology of male versus female toads. In burned areas females were less numerous but were larger, in better body condition, and had consumed more prey (especially, coleopterans and myriapods). The impact of fire on attributes of retreat-sites (e.g., temperature, density of vegetation cover) also differed between the sexes. More generally, intraspecific divergence in ecological traits within a species (as a function of body size as well as sex) may translate into substantial divergences in the impacts of habitat change.</p>
Fig. 1. 2D in Proteomic profile of Ortleppascaris sp.: A helminth parasite of Rhinella marina in the Amazonian region
Fig. 1. 2D gel containing the somatic extract of Ortleppascaris sp. larvae. See Table 1 for details.
Fig. 1 in Ortleppascaris sp. and your host Rhinella marina: A proteomic view into a nematode-amphibian relationship
Fig. 1. Two-dimensional gel of proteins originating from cystic fluid of Ortleppascaris sp. encystment.
Fig. 2 in The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Fig. 2. Phenomena occurring in pathogen/parasite load during the introduction of exotic host species. All of these concepts are exemplified by the
Fig. 1 in The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Fig. 1. Cane toad (Rhinella marina), a large bufonid anuran invasive to Australia. Photo taken by Dr. Matt Greenlees.
Fig. 3 in The things they carried: The pathogenic effects of old and new parasites following the intercontinental invasion of the Australian cane toad (Rhinella marina)
Fig. 3. Known distribution of the cane toad throughout Australia. Since arriving in Queensland, Australia in 1935, cane toads have further expanded their range through New South Wales, the Northern Territory, and into Western Australia. Map created by Georgia Ward-Fear (Tingley et al., In review).
Fig. 1 in In vitro fertilizations with cryopreserved sperm of Rhinella marina (Anura: Bufonidae) in Ecuador
Fig. 1. Rhinella marina embryo at 31 Gosner stage from in vitro fertilization with cryopreserved sperm.
Fig. 1 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs
Fig. 1. Study site location in Australia's Northern Territory (left). Map showing the Research Station where the initial amoebiasis outbreak was observed (Shilton et al., 2018); and sample collection sites Leaning Tree Lagoon and Caravan Park (right). In 2018, cane toads and native frogs were collected at Leaning Tree Lagoon. In 2020, cane toads were collected at the Caravan Park and road-killed native frogs were collected from the highway between the Research Station and Leaning Tree Lagoon. Left-hand panel image from GoogleMaps.
Fig. 2 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs
Fig. 2. Six of the amphibian species surveyed for Entamoeba in this study. a) Cyclorana australis, b) Litoria bicolor, c) Litoria dahlii, d) Litoria nasuta, e) Litoria rothii and f) Rhinella marina.
Fig. 2 in Native species Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) found in the invasive marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia
Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 from the marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia, male. A – anterior part of body (lateral ala arrowed), lateral view; B – cephalic end (amphid arrowed), apical view; C, G – posterior end of different individuals (white arrows showing precloacal papillae, black arrow showing lateral ala), lateral view; D – magnified image of precloacal papilla; E – magnified image of postcloacal papilla; F – magnified image of cloacal region (white arrow showing precloacal medio-ventral papilla, black arrows showing paracloacal papillae); H – tail (white arrows showing postcloacal papillae, black arrow showing phasmid), lateral view; I – magnified image of phasmid. Abbreviations: d – dorsal lip; g – tip of gubernaculum; i – inner flange of lips; v – ventrolateral lip.
Fig. 3 in Native species Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) found in the invasive marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia
Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Maxvachonia chabaudi Mawson, 1972 from the marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura: Bufonidae) in Australia, female. A – anterior part of body (excretory pore and vulva arrowed), ventral view; B – magnified im- age of excretory pore; C – magnified image of vulva; D – cephalic end (amphids arrowed), apical view; E – egg (small nipple arrowed); F – tail, lateral view; G – magnified image of tail tip. Abbreviations: d – dorsal lip; v – ventrolateral lip.
Sex-based differences in the use of post-fire habitats by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina)
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Data from: Neural and sensory basis of homing behavior in the invasive cane toad, Rhinella marina
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Do changes in body mass alter white blood cell profiles and immune function in Australian cane toads (Rhinella marina)?
<p><span>Variation in food resources can result in dramatic fluctuations in the body condition of animals dependent on those resources. Decreases in body mass can disrupt patterns of energy allocation and impose stress, thereby altering immune function. In this study we investigated links between changes in body mass of captive cane toads (Rhinella marina), their circulating white blood cell populations, and their performance in immune assays. Captive toads that lost weight over a 3-month period had increased levels of monocytes and heterophils and reduced levels of eosinophils. Basophil and lymphocyte levels were unrelated to changes in mass. Because individuals that lost mass had higher heterophil levels but stable lymphocyte levels, the ratio of these cell types was also higher, partially consistent with a stress response. Phagocytic ability of whole blood was higher in toads that lost mass, due to increased circulating levels of phagocytic cells. Other measures of immune performance were unrelated to mass change. These results highlight the challenges faced by invasive species as they expand their range into novel environments which may impose substantial seasonal changes in food availability that were not present in the native range. Individuals facing energy restrictions may shift their immune function towards more economical and general avenues of combating pathogens. </span></p>
Do changes in body mass alter white blood cell profiles and immune function in Australian cane toads (Rhinella marina)?
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Morphology and locomotor performance of cane toads, Rhinella marina
<p>As is common in biological invasions, the rate at which cane toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) have spread across tropical Australia has accelerated through time. Individuals at the invasion-front travel further than range-core conspecifics, and exhibit distinctive morphologies that may facilitate rapid dispersal. However, the links between these morphological changes and locomotor performance have not been clearly documented. We used raceway trials and high-speed videography to document locomotor traits (e.g. hop distances, heights, velocities, and angles of take-off and landing) of toads from range-core and invasion-front populations. Locomotor performance varied geographically, and this variation in performance was linked to morphological features that have evolved during the toads' Australian invasion. Geographic variation in morphology and locomotor ability was evident not only in wild-caught animals, but also in individuals that had been raised under standardized conditions in captivity. Our data thus support the hypothesis that the cane toad's invasion across Australia has generated rapid evolutionary shifts in dispersal-relevant performance traits, and that these differences in performance are linked to concurrent shifts in morphological traits.</p>
Data from: Behavioural tactics used by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) to exploit apiaries in Australia
Behavioural flexibility plays a key role in facilitating the ability of invasive species to exploit anthropogenically-created resources. In Australia, invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) often gather around commercial beehives (apiaries), whereas native frogs do not. To document how toads use this resource, we spool-tracked cane toads in areas containing beehives and in adjacent natural habitat without beehives, conducted standardized observations of toad feeding behaviour, and ran prey-manipulation trials to compare the responses of cane toads versus native frogs to honeybees as potential prey. Toads feeding around beehives travelled shorter distances per night, and hence used different microhabitats, than did toads from nearby control sites without beehives. The toads consumed live bees from the hive entrance (rather than dead bees from the ground), often climbing on top of one another to gain access to the hive entrance. Prey manipulation trials confirm that bee movement is the critical stimulus that elicits the toads' feeding response; and in standardized trials, native frogs consumed bees less frequently than did toads. In summary, cane toads flexibly modify their movements, foraging behaviour and dietary composition to exploit the nutritional opportunities created by commercial beehives, whereas native anurans do not.
FIGURE 3 in The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species
FIGURE 3. Statistical parsimony network for the Rhinella marina species complex in northern Venezuela based on concatenated ND3+CR mitochondrial haplotypes. The left branches correspond to western populations and the right branches to eastern populations. Connections between haplotypes correspond to one mutational step and small dots indicate additional mutational steps.
FIGURE 4 in The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species
FIGURE 4. Trees showing phylogenetic relationships for the Rhinella marina species complex in northern Venezuela. Phylogenetic relationships are inferred from 429bp fragment of the ND3 (a) and 737bp for CR (b). The names refer to the location where the haplotype was collected and east and west to their location in relation the Andean Cordillera, as in Figure 1. The numbers at the nodes indicate maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference bootstrap values (ML/ MP/BI).
FIGURE 1 in The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species
FIGURE 1. Geographic distribution of Rhinella marina populations sampled for two mitochondrial markers and morphometric landmarks across the Andean cordillera in northern Venezuela. The circles indicate locations of specimens sequenced in this study and the squares indicate locations associated to previously published sequences used in this study. Black circles and squares correspond to eastern populations and white circles and squares to western populations. The geographic coordinates of localities are given in Table 1. The genetic distances between western and eastern populations (grey) are greater than between western populations (black) or between eastern populations (white) (see text for details).
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