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51 results for “Salvelinus fontinalis”
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) cyt b qPCR data from Hidden Lake (Banff National Park, Canada) over two rotenone applications between 2018 and 2020.
Water samples were taken in Hidden Lake at five different time points around two rotenone applications: (i) five weeks prior to the first rotenone application, on July 12 2018; (ii) approximately three weeks after the first application of rotenone, on 7 September 2018; (iii) approximately 10 months after the first rotenone application, on 10 July 2019; and (iv) one year after the final rotenone treatment, on 19 August 2020. For each time point, four pelagic and four littoral water samples were taken from Hidden Lake, as well as 8 to 13 water samples from Hidden Creek and Coral Creek for a total of 16 to 21 samples per time point. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) method was used to produce brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) cytochrome b copy number for each sample. The objective of this study was use eDNA to assess the efficacy of invasive brook trout removal using rotenone.
Figure 4 in The brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) in the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago: a review
Figure 4. – Ecotypic diversity of brook trout populations in the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago. A: Life cycle of anadromous and resident freshwater brook trout in the coastal ponds and streams of the archipelago. B: Life cycle of migratory and resident freshwater brook trout in the Mirande system. Green (A) and white (B) arrows show movements in the marine environment (A) or the Grand Étang de Mirande (B). The blue arrows (light and dark) correspond to movements in the rivers/ponds (A) or tributaries of the Mirande (B).
Figure 5 in The brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) in the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago: a review
Figure 5. – Locations of the three hydrographic systems used for the aquaculture project initiated by the Association de Recherche pour le Développement de l'Aquaculture (ARDA) and the Institut Scientifique et Technique des Pêches Maritimes (ISTPM) at the end of the 1980s in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.
Figure 3 in The brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) in the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon archipelago: a review
Figure 3. – Ecotypic diversity of brook trout populations in the Saint-Pierre and Miquelon; two individuals fished in the Mère Durand River (see location in Fig. 1B). Above: anadromous ecotype; Below: resident ecotype (©: Edgard Gustave).
Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Higher temperatures are now observed in several ecosystems and act as new selective agents that shape traits and fitness of individuals. Transgenerational effects may be important in modulating adaptation of future generations and buffering negative impacts of temperature changes. The potential for these effects may be important in freshwater fish species, as temperature is a key abiotic component of their environment. Yet, still, relatively few studies have assessed the presence and importance of transgenerational effects under natural conditions. The purpose of this study was to test how parental thermal conditions influenced offspring growth and survival following stocking in Brook charr (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>). To do so, part of the breeders were exposed to a "cold" treatment while others were exposed to a "warm" treatment during the final steps of gonad maturation (constant 2°C difference between treatments along the seasonal temperature decrease). The impact on offspring of a selection treatment targeting production traits of interest (absence of sexual maturation at 1+, combined with increased growth) in breeders was also evaluated. After 7 to 8 months of growth in captivity, offspring were stocked in natural lakes. Their growth and survival were assessed about a year later. Offspring from "cold" breeders showed lower survival than those from "warm" breeders and the selection treatment had no effect on survival. However, the selection treatment was linked to lower Fulton's condition index, which, in turn, was positively correlated to survival in lakes. This study highlights the importance of working in ecological/industrial context to fully assess the different impacts of transgenerational effects on traits and survival. Our results also have important implications for stocking practices used to support the sport fishing industry.</p>
Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
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Data from: Limited hatchery introgression into wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations despite reoccurring stocking
Due to increased anthropogenic pressures on many fish populations, supplementing wild populations with captive-raised individuals has become an increasingly common management practice. Stocking programs can be controversial due to uncertainty about the long-term fitness effects of genetic introgression on wild populations. In particular, introgression between hatchery and wild individuals can cause declines in wild population fitness, resiliency, and adaptive potential, and contribute to local population extirpation. However, low survival and fitness of captive-raised individuals can minimize the long-term genetic consequences of stocking in wild populations, and to date the prevalence of introgression in actively stocked ecosystems has not been rigorously evaluated. We quantified the extent of introgression in 30 populations of wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a Pennsylvania watershed, and examined the correlation between introgression and 11 environmental covariates. Genetic assignment tests were used to determine the origin (wild vs. captive-raised) for 1742 wild-caught and 300 hatchery brook trout. To avoid assignment biases, individuals were assigned to two simulated populations that represented the average allele frequencies in wild and hatchery groups. Fish with intermediate probabilities of wild ancestry were classified as introgressed, with threshold values determined through simulation. Even with reoccurring stocking at most sites, over 93% of wild-caught individuals probabilistically assigned to wild origin, and only 6% of wild-caught fish assigned to introgressed. Models examining environmental drivers of introgression explained less than 3% of the among-population variability, and all estimated effects were highly uncertain. This was not surprising given overall low introgression observed in this study. Our results suggest that introgression of hatchery-derived genotypes can occur at low rates, even in actively stocked ecosystems and across a range of habitats. However, a cautious approach to stocking may still be warranted, as the potential effects of stocking on wild population fitness and the mechanisms limiting introgression are not known.
Data from: Population genomic analysis of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in Pennsylvania's Appalachian region
Informed conservation of stream fishes requires detailed understanding of the effects of both natural processes and anthropogenic activities on genetic diversity. Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, a salmonid native to eastern North America, typically resides in cold, high-quality stream ecosystems. The species has not only faced historical anthropogenic pressures, but also confronts current and future pressures. In a genetic analysis we used a reduced representation sequencing method (ddRADseq) to characterize 63 individuals from 23 streams where Brook Trout are native in the Appalachian region of Pennsylvania. A total of 2,590 loci passed filtering criteria, and 53% displayed significant association with a major stream drainage basin (Susquehanna or Allegheny; mean FST = 0.085). Mapping of the sequencing reads to the Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar genome revealed no clustering of high interdrainage FST values to specific genome regions. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity within each drainage basin was also detected. Stepwise regression of observed heterozygosity against geographic and environmental features revealed that drainage basin and effective area of watersheds were significant predictors of observed heterozygosity of Brook Trout within streams. Natural features such as waterfalls and major drainage basin, as well as the effects of dams and acid-mine drainage have fragmented habitat and shaped genetic diversity within Brook Trout populations in the Appalachian region of Pennsylvania, overall indicating the vulnerability of this species to increased industrialization.
Multiple decades of stocking has resulted in limited hatchery introgression in wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations of Nova Scotia
<p>Many populations of freshwater fishes are threatened with losses, and increasingly, the release of hatchery individuals is one strategy being implemented to support wild populations. However, stocking of hatchery individuals may pose long-term threats to wild populations, particularly if genetic interactions occur between wild and hatchery individuals. One highly prized sport fish that has been heavily stocked throughout its range is the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). In Nova Scotia, Canada, hatchery brook trout have been stocked since the early 1900s, and despite continued stocking efforts, populations have suffered declines in recent decades. Before this study, the genetic structure of brook trout populations in the province was unknown; however, given the potential negative consequences associated with hatchery stocking, it is possible that hatchery programs have adversely affected the genetic integrity of wild populations. To assess the influence of hatchery supplementation on wild populations, we genotyped wild brook trout from 12 river systems and hatchery brook trout from two major hatcheries using 100 microsatellite loci. Genetic analyses of wild trout revealed extensive population genetic structure among and within river systems and significant isolation-by-distance. Hatchery stocks were genetically distinct from wild populations, and most populations showed limited to no evidence of hatchery introgression (<5% hatchery ancestry). Only a single location had a substantial number of hatchery-derived trout and was located in the only river where a local strain is used for supplementation. The amount of hatchery stocking within a watershed did not influence the level of hatchery introgression. Neutral genetic structure of wild populations was influenced by geography with some influence of climate and stocking indices. Overall, our study suggests that long-term stocking has not significantly affected the genetic integrity of wild trout populations, highlighting the variable outcomes of stocking and the need to evaluate the consequences on a case-by-case basis</p>
Genotypic data from: Lab-based evaluation of the reproductive performance of trojan (MYY) brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Evaluating the efficacy of the use of trojan male brook trout with two Y chromosomes (M<sub>YY</sub>) requires a better understanding of reproductive performance. We measured the reproductive performance of hatchery age-0 and age-1 M<sub>YY</sub> brook trout compared to hatchery XY males using laboratory crosses. Offspring of XY males had higher survival than offspring of age-1 M<sub>YY</sub> one day post-fertilization but not offspring of age-0 M<sub>YY</sub>. We found no detectable differences in survival from eyed-egg to the juvenile-fry stage. However, size-at-age differed, where offspring of age-0 M<sub>YY</sub> were 3.6% smaller in length and 25.2% smaller in weight than those of XY males. For crosses fertilized by both M<sub>YY</sub> and XY males, we found that a significantly higher proportion of offspring within families were sired by M<sub>YY </sub>versus XY males. These results show, under controlled conditions, evidence for possible fitness advantage for M<sub>YY</sub> under sperm competition, but a possible fitness disadvantage associated with early growth of their offspring. Overall, our results hold promise for the use of M<sub>YY</sub> brook trout to serve as an effective eradication tool. </p>
Data and code from: Thermal niche and habitat use by co-occurring lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and brook trout (S. fontinalis) in stratified lakes
<p>Realized thermal niche and habitat use are two conceptualizations of fish habitat based on organismal performance or lake-specific ecology, respectively. Both habitat types were compared for lake trout (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>namaycush</em>) and brook trout (<em>S</em>. <em>fontinalis</em>) co-occurring in four large (> 500 ha) oligotrophic lakes. Lakes were partitioned into two morphological categories based on possession of a central or non-central deep basin with corresponding differences in adjoining shelf areas. Lake asymmetry in basin location has been shown to strongly influence food web connections based on isolation of basins from shelf areas.</p> <p>Generally, overlap between both habitat types occurred in several comparisons with lake trout, suggesting that thermal habitat is a reasonable proxy for habitat use boundaries though not a full replacement for insights gained from habitat use models.</p> <p>For brook trout, overlap was not as consistent, especially for lakes with non-central basins. In central basin lakes, there were closer proximity between the two species and overlap in both thermal niche and habitat use models. There was very limited overlap of either habitat type in lakes with non-central basins. Further, there were no shared areas of interspecific overlap between thermal niche and habitat use in non-central basins pointing to additional complexity governing habitat partitioning between lake trout and brook trout in these types of lakes. The shelf area effect on spatial structure of habitat, and likely food web connections, can occur in lakes regardless of basin centrality so long as shelf areas are large. In this lake set, lakes were sufficiently large to observe this phenomenon.</p>
Taurine depletion impairs cardiac function and affects tolerance to hypoxia and high temperatures in brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Physiological and environmental stressors can cause osmotic stress in fish hearts, leading to a reduction in intracellular taurine concentration. Taurine is a beta amino acid known to regulate cardiac function in other animal models but its role in fish has not been fully elucidated. We generated a model of cardiac taurine-deficiency (TD) by feeding brook char (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>fontinalis</em>) a diet enriched in β-alanine, which inhibits cardiomyocyte taurine uptake. Cardiac taurine levels were reduced by 21%, and stress-induced changes in normal taurine handling were observed in TD brook char. Responses to exhaustive exercise and acute thermal and hypoxia tolerance were then assessed using a combination of in vivo, in vitro, and biochemical approaches. Critical thermal maximum was higher in TD brook char despite significant reductions in maximum heart rate. In vivo, TD brook char exhibited a lower resting heart rate, blunted hypoxic bradycardia, and a severe reduction in time to loss of equilibrium under hypoxia. In vitro function was similar between control and TD hearts under oxygenated conditions, but stroke volume and cardiac output were severely compromised in TD hearts under anoxia. Aspects of mitochondrial structure and function were also impacted in TD permeabilized cardiomyocytes, but overall effects were modest. High levels of intracellular taurine are required to achieve maximum cardiac function in brook char and cardiac taurine efflux may be necessary to support heart function under stress. Taurine appears to play a vital, previously unrecognized role in supporting cardiovascular function and stress tolerance in fish.</p>
Sources of coaster brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) revealed by genomic analysis of brook trout populations along Minnesota's shoreline with Lake Superior
<p>Knowledge of population-level relationships and how these relationships pertain to different life history forms is critical to developing effective management plans for native trout, char, and salmon. In the Lake Superior basin, identifying effective restoration strategies for coaster brook trout (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>fontinalis</em>), a lake-inhabiting form of brook trout, is hampered by limited information on genetic connectivity and source-sink dynamics among brook trout populations. Here, we infer these relationships by surveying 8,178 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 234 brook trout from seven rivers along the Minnesota shoreline with Lake Superior, including from reaches above and below natural waterfalls that prevent upstream movement. We identified well-differentiated above-barrier populations that supply brook trout to below-barrier reaches. We also compared within-river brook trout to 26 coaster brook trout from Lake Superior. We identified at least four source populations for these coaster brook trout, three of which were located within rivers. Additionally, we estimated N<sub>E</sub> for within-river populations and detected a decline across recent generations, with the most recent estimates approaching critical thresholds. Finally, comparisons with 94 domestic brook trout representing nine hatchery strains revealed a lack of domestic introgression into wild populations, demonstrating the importance of natural reproduction to population persistence. Our results offer novel insights into sources of coaster brook trout and highlight the role of within-river populations in supporting the coaster life history. Management efforts focused on instream restoration may be more important to rehabilitating coaster brook trout than previously thought, and are urgently needed given the population-level conservation status reported here.</p>
Data from: No trout about it: Behavioural and transcriptional effects of long-term noise exposure in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
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Data from: The extent of hybridization between bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and brook trout (S. fontinalis) across Alberta’s Eastern slopes
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Data from: Limited hatchery introgression into wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations despite reoccurring stocking
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Complications of estimating hatchery introgression in the face of rapid divergence: A case study in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
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Multiple decades of stocking has resulted in limited hatchery introgression in wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations of Nova Scotia
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Data from: Fine-scale genetic structure of small fish populations in islands: The case of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France)
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Data from: Population genomic analysis of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in Pennsylvania’s Appalachian region
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