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FIG. 16 in Osteological revision of the holotype of the Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur Patagosaurus fariasi Bonaparte, 1979 (Sauropoda: Cetiosauridae)

FIG. 16. — Dorsal MACN-CH 4170 (14) in lateral (A, B), posterior (C), anterior (D), and dorsal (E) views.Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina, dp, diapophysis, hypa, hypapophysis, nc, neural canal, ns, neural spine, pp, parapophysis, po, postzygapophysis, prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prdl, prezygapophyseal diapophyseal lamina, pre, prezygapophysis, sdf, spinodiapophysal fossa, spof, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa, spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprf, spinoprezygapophyseal fossa, sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina, tpol, intrapostzygapophyseal lamina, lat.spol/med.spol, lateral/medial spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, stpol, single intrapostzygapophyseal lamina, stprl, single intrapostzygapophyseal lamina, vk, ventral keel. Scale bar: 10 cm.

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FIG. 4. — Cervical PVL 4170 in Osteological revision of the holotype of the Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur Patagosaurus fariasi Bonaparte, 1979 (Sauropoda: Cetiosauridae)

FIG. 4. — Cervical PVL 4170 (3) in lateral (A, B), posterior, (C) anterior, (D), ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina, cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina, dp, diapophysis, hypa, hypapophysis, nc, neural canal, ns, neural spine, pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, pp, parapophysis, po, postzygapophysis, prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, pocdf, postzyga- pophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prdl, prezygapophyseal diapophyseal lamina, pre, prezygapophysis, sdf, spinodiapophysal fossa, spof, spinopostzyga- pophyseal fossa, spol, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprf, spinoprezygapophyseal fossa, sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina, vk, ventral keel. Scale bar: 10 cm.

FIGURE 13 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 13. Average bone apatite crystallite size (in Å) for the fossil bones from Vrabchov dol and Labirinta cave.

FIGURE 12. X in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 12. X-ray diffraction patterns of fossil bones from Vrabchov dol and Labirinta cave. The Miller indices of different Bragg reflections of fluorapatite are given on the top diffractogram. Abbreviations: Cal–Calcite; Mrc–Marcasite; Qz–Quartz.

FIGURE 8 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 8. Osteohistology of the Bulgarian ornithomimosaur, specimen NMNHS F-31436–a partial left humerus, in transmitted cross-polarized light. Arrow in the lower right corner of each image indicates the direction of the periosteum. 1, Endosteal bone lining the medullary cavity and dense Haversian bone in the inner cortex; 2, Dense Haversian tissue extending up to the outermost cortex and sub-periosteally deposited lamellar primary bone, which probably represents incipient external fundamental system; 3, Interstices of laminar primary bone tissue with relatively organized bone scaffolding and longitudinal primary osteons preserved between the numerous densely packed secondary osteons. Up to 4 generations of secondary osteons can be recognized on the image; 4, Interstices of preserved primary bone tissues. Abbreviations: eb–endosteal bone; efs–external fundamental system; lb–lamellar bone; po–primary osteon; so–secondary osteon; wpc–woven-parallel complex. Scale bar equals 1–500 µm; 2-4–200 µm.

FIGURE 1. General geological settings. 1 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 1. General geological settings. 1, Tectonic map of Bulgaria (after Ivanov, 2017); 2, Geological scheme for part of the Western Srednogorie zone and position of the dinosaur bone locality (after Sinnyovsky et al., 2012; simplified).

FIGURE 5 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 5. Scanned images of the processed cross-section surface of Vrabchov dol's fossil bone fragments and osteohistology of specimen U.S., K21586 in reflected light. The dashed line in Figures 5.2-3 illustrates missing parts of the cortex. Blue arrow-heads mark a line of arrested growth (LAG). 1, The original whole bone fragment polished section of specimen U.S., K21586 after sectioning for thin-section U.S., K21586-1; 2, The whole bone section of U.S., K21586 after the further sectioning; 3, Partial bone fragment polished section of specimen NMNHS FR-16; 4-6, Different sections of specimen U.S., K21586 bone wall periphery following a single LAG formed sub-periosteally. Some large primary osteons with wide lumina are easily observed above the LAG. Abbreviations: c–cortex/compact bone tissue; cb–cancellous bone tissue; mr–medullary region; po–primary osteon; so–secondary osteon. Scale bar equals 2 cm (Figures 5.1-3); 1 mm (Figures 5.4-6).

FIGURE 4 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 4. Scanned images of studied thin-sections prepared from the Vrabchov dol's fossil fragments, illustrating the degree of cortical loss during preparation, the size of medullary region, and the extent and spatial distribution of cancellous bone tissue. Solid black line illustrates the original cross-sectional form of the fossils. 1, Thin-section U.S., K21586-1; 2, Thin-section U.S., K21586-2; 3, Thin-section U.S., K21586-3; 4, A single thin-section from specimen NMNHS FR-16. Abbreviations: c–cortex/compact bone tissue; cb–cancellous bone tissue; mr–medullary region. Scale bar equals 2 cm.

FIGURE 7 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 7. Osteohistology of specimen NMNHS FR-16, a putative titanosaurian long bone fragment, in transmitted cross-polarized light. Arrow in the lower right corner of each image indicates the direction of the periosteum. 1, Heavily remodeled outer cortex with anisotropic primary bone tissues preserved as interstices between secondary osteons; 2, Same area with preserved primary cortex as 1, but at higher magnification. Primary osteons appear to be longitudinal; 3, Dense Haversian bone with 4 generations of secondary osteons in the outer third of the cortex. Abbreviations: po–primary osteon; so–secondary osteon; wpc–woven-parallel complex. Scale bar equals 1–200 µm; 2-3 –100 µm.

FIGURE 35 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 35. Comparison of the supposed footprint of SMA 0002 with published tracks from different locations. Reported (Texas, Colorado) or calculated (Spain, SMA 0002) heteropody rate is indicated on top. Modified from Lockley and Meyer (2000; Texas, Colorado), Castanera et al. (2012; Spain, left print reversed).

FIGURE 34. X in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 34. X-ray CT images of the left metacarpals in longitudinal (1) and transverse (2) cross section. Note the absence of hollow medullary cavities.

FIGURE 32 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 32. Photographs of the manual skin impression preserving also the negatives of the distal tips of the phalanges in proximal (1), lateral (2), and distal views (3). Photographs taken by Rosemarie Roth.

FIGURE 31 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 31. Photographs and drawings in distal view of the phalanges of the right pedal digit I (1, 2), digit II (3, 4), digit III (5, 6), and digit IV (7, 8). The oval outlines in (3), (4) indicate an element where no photographs were available in distal view (php II-2). Photographs taken by Esther Premru.

FIGURE 26 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 26. Photographs and drawings in anterior view of the phalanges of the right pedal digit I (1, 2), digit II (3, 4), digit III (5, 6), and digit IV (7, 8). Abbreviations: II-1, first phalanx of digit II. Photographs taken by Esther Premru.

FIGURE 28 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 28. Photographs and drawings in lateral view of the phalanges of the right pedal digit I (1, 2), digit II (3, 4), digit III (5, 6), and digit IV (7, 8). The oval outlines in (5), (6) indicate an element where no photographs were available in lateral view (php III-3). Abbreviations: II-1, first phalanx of digit II. Photographs taken by Esther Premru.

FIGURE 29 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 29. Photographs and drawings in posterior view of the phalanges of the right pedal digit I (1, 2), digit II (3, 4), digit III (5, 6), and digit IV (7, 8). Abbreviations: II-2, second phalanx of digit II. Photographs taken by Esther Premru.

FIGURE 30 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 30. Photographs and drawings in proximal view of the phalanges of the right pedal digit I (1, 2), digit II (3, 4), digit III (5, 6), and digit IV (7, 8). The oval outlines in 3-6 indicate an element where no photographs were available in proximal view (php II-2 and III- 3). Photographs taken by Esther Premru.

FIGURE 25 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 25. Photographs and drawings of the right metatarsal V in anterior (1), medial (2), posterior (3), lateral (4), proximal (5), and distal views (6). Photographs taken by Esther Premru.

FIGURE 22 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 22. Photographs and drawings of the right astragalus (articulated with the tibia) in posterior (1, 2), and distal views (3, 4), and of the right calcaneum (still partly embedded in matrix) in proximal (5, 6), and posterior views (7, 8). Photographs taken by Rosemarie Roth (2) and Esther Premru (4, 5, 7).

FIGURE 23 in Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)

FIGURE 23. Photographs and drawings of the articulated right metatarsals I and II (1, 3, 5, 6), and mt III (2, 4, 7, 8) in posterior (1-4) and distal views (5-8). Posterior surface in 5-8 faces upwards. Photographs taken by Esther Premru.