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Figure 5 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 5. Comparison of humerus length at birth (Lbirth), asymptotic length (AL), age at which sexual maturity is reached (ASM), and onset of maturation for pachypleurosaurs with a modeled growth record. Onset of maturation within life is estimated as ratio of the age at which sexual maturity is reached and asymptotic age (ASM / AA). It is also assessed as ratio of the age at which sexual maturity is reached and age at death (ASM / AD). White = Lbirth, black = AL, blue = ASM, red = ASM / AA, and brown = ASM / AD. High within-taxon variability in traits could suggest a sexual dimorphism in size and maturation in pachypleurosaur taxa. For values of life-history traits of specimens refer to Table 2, and for ratios to Table 3.

Figure 4 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 4. Allometric comparison of different life-history traits of pachypleurosaurs and Simosaurus to extant reptiles. (a) Mass at birth vs. body mass, (b) age at which sexual maturity is reached vs. body mass, (c) longevity vs. body mass, and (d) maximum growth rates vs. body mass. In all panels black triangles mark extant reptile species, red symbols pachypleurosaurs, and black crosses the nothosaur genus Simosaurus (values taken from Klein and Griebeler, 2016). Red squares = Dactylosaurus, circles = Anarosaurus, triangles = aff. N. pusillus, triangle with cross = N. pusillus, asterisk = N. edwardsii, and diamond = Serpianosaurus. Ordinary least squares regression lines and 95 % prediction intervals are shown for extant species. Varanus niloticus (grey triangle) is highlighted because it is only somewhat larger than the pachypleurosaurs studied here. Data on body mass, mass at birth (N = 782), age at which sexual maturity is reached (N = 411), and longevity (N = 1014) of extant squamates are compiled from Scharf et al. (2015). Data on body mass and maximum growth rate of reptiles (squamates, crocodiles, and turtles, N = 66) are taken from Werner and Griebeler (2014). Masses at birth of pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) are larger than expected from the 95 % prediction interval for a similar-sized squamate, whereas pachypleurosaurs longevities and maximum growth rates (including that of Simosaurus) almost fit within the respective intervals. The majority of pachypleurosaurs reach sexual maturity earlier than expected for a similar-sized squamate. Overall, pachypleurosaurs (and Simosaurus) have a considerably higher mass at birth and they clearly mature earlier than a similar-sized squamate.

Figure 3 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 3. Growth record and established growth models for pachypleurosaurs. The statistically best growth models are shown for each specimen. These have the highest Akaike weights (Burnham and Anderson, 2002) compared to the others which were also applicable to the growth record of the specific specimen (see Table S1). Specimens are marked by colors. Growth curves on the same specimen are marked by different line types (solid, dotted) in equal color. Parameter values of models and fitting statistics are summarized in Table S1. Neusticosaurus pusillus specimens SMNS 92125 and SMNS 50372c are from the Germanic Basin (aff. N. pusillus), and specimens PIMUZ T 4178 and PIMUZ T 4211 are from the Alpine Triassic.

Figure 2 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 2. Growth record in Dactylosaurus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Muschelkalk, early Anisian), in aff. N. pusillus from the Germanic Basin (Lower Keuper, late Ladinian) and in Neusticosaurus spp. and in Serpianosaurus from the Alpine Triassic (Anisian/Ladinian). (a) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 92125. (b) N. pusillus PIMUZ T 4211. (c) aff. N. pusillus SMNS 50372c. (d) Dactylosaurus MB.R.786. (e) Dactylosaurus MB.R. 776.2. (f) N. edwardsii PIMUZ T4758. (g) Serpianosaurus PIMUZ T 4510. (h) Wijk 09-472. Abbreviations: sc, subcycles; sm, sexual maturity. Panels (a, b, d, e) are in normal light, (c, h) are in polarized light, and (f, g) are in polarized light with gypsum filter (lambda). Scale bar is 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)

Figure 1. Details of medulla, bone tissue, and vascularization of Dactylosaurus from the early Anisian (Lower Muschelkalk; Germanic Basin) and aff. N. pusillus from the late Ladinian (Lower Keuper; Germanic Basin). (a) Medullary region distally to midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 801.2. consisting of small round erosion cavities surrounded by endosteal bone and embedded in a matrix of calcified cartilage. The medullary region is surrounded by a sharp line (arrow). (b) Medullary region closer to midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 771.5 displaying a small free cavity, a few small erosion cavities surrounded by endosteal bone and calcified cartilage at the border to the periosteal region all encompassed by a sharp line (arrow). Around the medullary cavity slow-deposited (i.e., highly organized) hatchling bone tissue is visible. (c) The medullary region and inner cortex in aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 50372b is nearly completely filled by endosteal bone. The area is surrounded by the sharp line (arrow), although the sample was taken nearly at the midshaft. Scattered longitudinal primary osteons occur in this sample. (d) Cross section of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 58025a which shows an irregular medullary region and remodeling in form of erosion cavities scattered into the periosteal bone. (e) Medullary region and inner cortex of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 50372c. The medullary region consists of few small erosion cavities and endosteal bone. The innermost cortex is made of fast-deposited hatchling bone tissue, which is surrounded by a distinct annulus. (f) Medullary region and inner cortex of aff. N. pusillus humerus SMNS 92125. The medullary region consists of a small cavity surrounded by a thick layer of endosteal bone, which are encompassed by a sharp line and calcified cartilage. The innermost cortex is made of a slow-deposited hatchling bone tissue. (g) Cross section of N. pusillus humerus PIMUZ T 3975. The medullary region is completely filled by endosteal bone. The area is surrounded by some erosion cavities. (h) Medullary region and inner cortex at midshaft in Dactylosaurus humerus MB.R. 776.2 showing a free cavity surrounded by a thick layer of endosteal bone. On the right side are remains of preserved fast-deposited (i.e., less organized) hatchling bone tissue. On the right side, the layer of horizontally oriented fine fibers is visible (arrow). (i) Medullary region and inner cortex in Anarosaurus humerus Wijk 13-194. The relatively large, free medullary cavity is surrounded by a thin, and in this sample incomplete, layer of endosteal bone. The innermost cortex is made of a fast-deposited (i.e., highly organized) hatchling bone tissue, which is surrounded by a distinct annulus. A second annulus is clearly visible in the lower part of the picture. Distance between annuli changes considerably towards the preaxial bone side (arrows mark spilt). Abbreviations: cc, calcified cartilage; eb, endosteal bone; ec, erosion cavity; htb, hatchling bone tissue; ffho, fine fibers horizontally oriented; mc, medullary cavity; mr, medullary region; po, primary osteon. All pictures are in polarized light. Scale bar is 0.5 mm if not labeled otherwise.

Fig. 7 in A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China and its phylogenetic and biogeographic implications

Fig. 7 Right hindlimb of Dianmeisaurus mutaensis sp. nov. (HFUT MT-21-08-001). A photo; B interpreted drawing. as, astragalus; d, digit; f, femur; fi, fibula; il, ilium; ti, tibia. Scale bars equal 1 mm

Fig. 8 in A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China and its phylogenetic and biogeographic implications

Fig. 8 Strict consensus tree showing phylogenetic relationships of eosauropterygians. Bootstrap values over 50% (with 1000 replicates) are indicated in the tree

Fig. 4 in A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China and its phylogenetic and biogeographic implications

Fig. 4 Pectoral region of Dianmeisaurus mutaensis sp. nov. (HFUT MT-21-08-001). A photo; B interpreted drawing. cl, clavicle; cv23, 23rd cervical vertebra; dv1, 1st dorsal vertebra; h, humerus; sc, scapula. Scale bars equal 1 mm

Fig. 3 in A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China and its phylogenetic and biogeographic implications

Fig. 3 The skull of Dianmeisaurus mutaensis sp. nov. (HFUT MT-21-08-001). A photo; B, interpreted drawing. an, angular; ar, articular; ata, atlas arch; atc, atlas centrum; axc, axial centrum; bo, basioccipital; c3, 3rd cervical centrum; d, dentary; eo-op, exoccipital-opisthotic complex; f, frontal; fo, fontanelle; j, jugal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, parietal; par, prearticular; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; r3, 3rd cervical rib; sa, surangular; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal. The red arrow marks the pit on the premaxilla-maxilla suture. Scale bars equal 1 mm

Fig. 1 in A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China and its phylogenetic and biogeographic implications

Fig. 1 The geologic map showing the quarry where Dianmeisaurus mutaensis sp. nov. (HFUT MT-21-08-001) was discovered (updated after Hu & Liu, 2022). E, Palaeogene; T2-3f, Falang Formation, Ladinian-Carnian, Middle-Late Triassic;T2y, Yangliujing Formation, Anisian-Ladinian, Middle Triassic; T g2, Upper Member of Guanling Formation, Anisian, Middle Triassic;T g1, Lower Member of Guanling Formation, Anisian, Middle Triassic; T, Lower 2 2 1 Triassic

Fig. 6 in A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China and its phylogenetic and biogeographic implications

Fig. 6 Sacral region of Dianmeisaurus mutaensis sp. nov. (HFUT MT-21-08-001). A photo; B interpreted drawing. cav, caudal vertebra; dr, dorsal rib; dv, dorsal vertebra; fi, fibula; il, ilium; is, ischium; pu, pubis; sr, sacral rib; sv, sacral vertebra. Scale bars equal 1 mm

Fig. 2 in A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China and its phylogenetic and biogeographic implications

Fig. 2 The holotype of Dianmeisaurus mutaensis sp. nov. (HFUT MT-21-08-001). A the skeleton in dorsal view; B the counterpart of A (natural mold). Scale bars equal 1 cm

Fig. 5 in A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China and its phylogenetic and biogeographic implications

Fig. 5 Right forelimb of Dianmeisaurus mutaensis sp. nov. (HFUT MT-21-08-001). A photo; B interpreted drawing. d, digit; eng, entepicondylar groove; h, humerus; r, radius; sc, scapula; u, ulna. Scale bars equal 1 mm

FIGURE 4. 1 in The first plesiosaurian (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) remains described from the Jurassic of Poland

FIGURE 4. 1.?Lingual view of the tooth crown of GM003. 2.?Labial view of tooth crown with missing enamel and less prominent ridges. 3. Underside of tooth displaying circular cross section. Scale bar measures 10 mm.

FIGURE 3. 1 in The first plesiosaurian (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) remains described from the Jurassic of Poland

FIGURE 3. 1. Lingual view of the entire tooth of GM002. 2. Enlarged close-up of tooth crown in mesial view. Scale bar measures 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in The first plesiosaurian (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) remains described from the Jurassic of Poland

FIGURE 2. Mesial view of the tooth crown of GM001. Note the coarse longitudinal ridges and recurved apex. Scale bar measures 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in The first plesiosaurian (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) remains described from the Jurassic of Poland

FIGURE 1. Geographical location and geological exposures of the area around Zalas, southern Poland. Modified slightly from Jurkowska and Kolodziej (2012, figure 1).

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FIGURE 6 in Reassessment of 'Plesiosaurus' megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK

FIGURE 6. Transverse cross-sections of the plaster cast (BGS GSM 118410) of the holotype (BRSMG Cb 2335) skull of Atychodracon megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846), showing surface morphology. 1, ventral view of skull showing position of cross-sections, 2–7, cross-sections, dorsal surface towards top. Abbreviations: aiv – anterior interpterygoid vacuity; chan – channels anterior to external nares; fl – ventrolaterally directed flanges of pterygoid; hy – hyoid; en – external nares; k – ventral keel on parasphenoid; piv – posterior interpterygoid vacuity; vlc – ventral longitudinal crest; vlf – ventrolateral flange. Scale bar equals 100 mm (in 1) and 50 mm (in 2–7), note that cross-sections are to scale relative to each other.

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FIGURE 3 in Reassessment of 'Plesiosaurus' megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK

FIGURE 3. Plaster cast (BGS GSM 118410) of the anterior part of the holotype (BRSMG Cb 2335) skull of Atychodracon megacephalus (Stutchbury, 1846). 1–3, dorsal views, 4–6, ventral views. 1 and 4, three dimensional scans with texture (colour) removed, 2 and 5, photographs, 3 and 6, interpretations. Abbreviations: aiv – anterior interpterygoid vacuity; den – dentary; en – external naris; fo – nutritive foramina; fr – frontal; in – internal naris; mx – maxilla; pal – palatine; pmx – premaxilla; pt – pterygoid; sp – splenial; t – teeth; vom – vomer. Cross-hatching represents original broken surfaces, stippling represents original matrix. Scale bar equals 100 mm.