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FIGURE 10. Scrupocellaria prolata n in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 10. Scrupocellaria prolata n. sp. A–D, MTQ G25341. A, frontal surface of branch with ovicellate zooids. B, frontal surface of ovicellate autozooids; note the bifurcating distolateral spines, triangular scuta, and the ovicells with the thickened proximal edge to their openings. C, frontal surface at branch bifurcation of older part of colony, with rhizoids. D, basal surface of branch bifurcations surface showing axial and lateral vibracular chambers; note the two rhizoids with substratum attachment points intact. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, C, D); 100 µm (B).

FIGURE 7 in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 7. Scrupocellaria sinuosa Canu & Bassler, 1927. A–B, NMNH 8426, Holotype. A, frontal surface of bifurcating branches; note the presence of frontal avicularia and ovicells. B, basal surface at branch bifurcations; note the positions of the vibracular chambers and the single axial vibraculum. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, B).

FIGURE 5. Scrupocellaria curvata Harmer, 1926. A, NHMUK 1928.9.13.105 in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 5. Scrupocellaria curvata Harmer, 1926. A, NHMUK 1928.9.13.105, part of Holotype of Scrupocellaria curvata. B, NHMUK 1932.9.16.22, syntype of Scrupocellaria ulrichi Canu & Bassler, 1929. C–F, MTQ G25340. A, frontal surface of brooding colony. B, frontal surface of branch; note the broken bases of scuta on the inner edge of the opesia. C, frontal surface of brooding colony. D, frontal surface of zooids showing details of scuta and lateral and frontal avicularia. E, frontal surface showing curving frontal avicularia in relation to adjacent other features. F, basal surface at branch bifurcation. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, B); 500 µm (C, E); 100 µm (D, F).

FIGURE 4. Scrupocellaria cervicornis Busk, 1852a. A–D, MTQ G25339. A in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 4. Scrupocellaria cervicornis Busk, 1852a. A–D, MTQ G25339. A, frontal surface of brooding colony. B, oblique view of basal surface; note the shape of the vibracular chambers. C, frontal surface of brooding zooids at branch bifurcation. D, basal surface at branch bifurcation. Note the spatulate setal groove. Scale bars: 500 µm (A); 100 µm (B, C–D).

FIGURE 3 in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 3. Specimens reported as Scrupocellaria diadema by Harmer (1926). A, Scrupocellaria gaspari Thornely, 1907, NHMUK 1936.12.3.146, syntype. B, Scrupocellaria sp. 1, NHMUK 1928.3.6.178, Sulu Archipelago. C, Scrupocellaria sp. 2, NHMUK 1928.9.13.102, Japan. D, Scrupocellaria sp. 3, NHMUK 1928.3.6.180, New Guinea. Scale bars: 200 µm (A–D).

FIGURE 9. Scrupocellaria hamata n in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 9. Scrupocellaria hamata n. sp. A–F, MTQ G25166. A, frontal surface of branch at bifurcation. B, frontal surface of two autozooids; note the position of the vibracular chamber protruding distal to the rim of the zooid at right. C, close-up of branch bifurcation seen in A. Note the barbed rhizoids. D, basal surface with details of vibracular chambers. E, lateral view of branch showing the length of the spines. F, basal surface at branch bifurcation showing the single axial vibracular chamber. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, F); 100 µm (B–E).

FIGURE 2. Scrupocellaria diadema Busk, 1852a. A, MTQ G25337 in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 2. Scrupocellaria diadema Busk, 1852a. A, MTQ G25337; B, D, E, MTQ G25343; C, MTQ G25296. A, frontal surface of branches and a bifurcation; note the large frontal avicularia and ovicellate zooids. B, basal surface at branch bifurcation showing the single axial vibracular chamber. C, frontal surface of a branch bifurcation; note the brooding zooids and the large frontal avicularium of the axial autozooid, with a single unattached scutum (centre left). D, note the avicularia raised on tubular bases on the first autozooids distal to the bifurcation (centre). E, profile of branch; note the bifurcating spine on the brooding zooid (top left). Scale bars: 100 µm (A–E).

FIGURE 1. Scrupocellaria diadema Busk, 1852a. A–E, NHMUK 1854.11.15.80, Holotype. A in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 1. Scrupocellaria diadema Busk, 1852a. A–E, NHMUK 1854.11.15.80, Holotype. A, frontal surface of branch at bifurcation; note the large frontal avicularium on the axial zooid. B, frontal surface of two branches at bifurcation; note the brooding autozooids and the bifurcating scutum on the brooding zooid (centre). C, frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the broken large frontal avicularium shown in profile (centre) and the single vibraculum. D, frontal surface of several zooids; note the variation in size of the frontal avicularia and the ovicell pores. E, close-up of partially cleaned frontal surface. Scale bars: 250 µm (A, C, D), 500 µm (B), 200 µm (E).

FIGURE 11. Scrupocellaria peltata n in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 11. Scrupocellaria peltata n. sp. A–D, MTQ G25998. A, frontal surface of brooding colony. B, frontal surface of zooids showing details of scuta and presence of four oral spines. C, frontal surface at branch bifurcation. D, basal surface at branch bifurcation. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, C); 100 µm (B) 200 µm (D).

FIGURE 8 in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 8. Scrupocellaria sinuosa Canu & Bassler, 1927. A–D, MTQ G25291; E, MTQ G226019. A, frontal view of colony with dimorphic lateral avicularium; note the paucity of frontal avicularia. B, frontal view of branch bifurcation. C, basal surface at branch bifurcation; note the single axial vibraculum. D, basal surface of branch showing a vibracular chamber adjacent to a lateral avicularium. E, ovicelled zooids proximal to a branch bifurcation; note the distinctive lateral avicularium at lower right. Scale bars: 500 µm (A); 100 µm (B–D); 200 µm (E).

FIGURE 6. Scrupocellaria frondis Kirkpatrick, 1890. A, B, D in Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Queensland coast, with the description of three new species

FIGURE 6. Scrupocellaria frondis Kirkpatrick, 1890. A, B, D, specimens found on algae from Alagoas, NE Brazil. C, E, F, MTQ G25165. A, frontal surface of bifurcating branch, note the ovicelled zooid to the right of the bifurcation. B, basal surface of branch bifurcation. C, frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the frontal avicularium on the axial autozooid. D, basal surface of branch bifurcation with a single axial vibraculum. E, frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the frontal avicularium on the axial autozooid. F, several autozooids, one ovicellate and the others with developing ovicells; note the most proximal outer spines on the two autozooids to the left with the characteristic three or four frontal tines. Scale bars: 100 µm (A–F).

FIGURE 30 in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 30. Distribution of Cradoscrupocellaria species. Colours: green, Eastern Pacific species; black, Atlantic species; blue, North Sea specimens; red, Mediterranean species; pink, Red Sea and Indian species; orange, Indo-Pacific species; blue, southern Australian species.

FIGURE 28 in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 28. Cradoscrupocellaria hirsuta (Jullien & Calvet, 1903) n. comb. A–B, MOM 420323, lectotype, Azores. C–F, NHMUK 2012.7.1.1, Azores. A, Frontal surface of branch; note the presence of a dimorphic frontal avicularium and absence of scutum. B, Abfrontal surface of branch. C, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the dimorphic frontal avicularia and three ovicelled zooids proximally in the colony. D, Frontal surface of branch; note the presence of seven long oral spines in each zooid and the absence of a scutum. E, Close-up of four ovicelled zooids and dimorphic frontal avicularia. F, Abfrontal surface of branch.

FIGURE 27. Cradoscrupocellaria odonoghuei n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 27. Cradoscrupocellaria odonoghuei n. sp. A–F, NHMUK 2010.12.6.21, holotype, Scotland. A, Frontal surface of colony. B, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the joints passing across gymnocyst of outer zooids at the bifurcation. C, Close-up of a branch bifurcation. D, Close-up of gigantic frontal avicularium. E, Abfrontal surface of colony; note the smooth rhizoids arising from proximal end of some vibracular chambers. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.

FIGURE 26. Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhynchoides n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 26. Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhynchoides n. sp. A–F, NHMUK 2010.12.6.19, holotype, Queensland, Australia. A, Frontal surface of colony. B, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the gigantic frontal avicularium on axial zooid. C, Close-up of a branch bifurcation; note the ovicelled zooids and the gigantic frontal avicularium. D, Close-up of gigantic frontal avicularium. E, Abfrontal surface of colony. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.

FIGURE 21 in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 21. Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhyncha (Gautier, 1962) n. comb. A–F, NHMUK 1965.9.2.4, lectotype, Mediterranean. A, Frontal surface of branch; note the ovicelled zooid at upper right. B, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation. C, Close-up of a zooid and gigantic frontal avicularium. D, Lateral view of gigantic frontal avicularium; note the fringed rostrum of the avicularium. E, Abfrontal surface of colony. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.

FIGURE 22 in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 22. Cradoscrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1756) n. comb. A–B, NHMUK 1963.3.6.35, U.K. A, Frontal surface of branch. B, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.

FIGURE 16. Cradoscrupocellaria makua n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 16. Cradoscrupocellaria makua n. sp. A–F, NHMUK 2010.12.6.17, holotype, Mozambique. A, Frontal surface of colony. B, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the joints passing across the gymnocyst of outer zooids at the bifurcation. C, Close-up of a branch bifurcation; note ovicelled and non-ovicelled zooids. D, Close-up of ovicelled zooid and frontal avicularium. E, Abfrontal surface of colony. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the absence of a vibracular chamber in some zooids.

FIGURE 17. Cradoscrupocellaria marcusorum n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 17. Cradoscrupocellaria marcusorum n. sp. A–F, NHMUK 2010.12.6.28, holotype, Santos, Brazil. A, Frontal surface of colony; note the absence of lateral avicularia. B, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation; joints pass across the proximal opesia of outer zooids at the bifurcation; note the gigantic frontal avicularium at upper right. C, Close-up of a branch bifurcation; note the presence of a small scutum and four distal spines (three outer and one inner). D, Frontal view of avicularia; note the slightly curved rostrum. E, Abfrontal surface of colony. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the small vibracular chambers.

FIGURE 25. Cradoscrupocellaria gautieri n in Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution

FIGURE 25. Cradoscrupocellaria gautieri n. sp. A–F, NHMUK 1882.5.24.9, holotype, Algeria. A, Frontal surface of colony. B, Frontal surface of branch bifurcation; note the scutum covering whole opesia. C, Close-up of a branch; note the presence of a very small distolateral avicularium on each zooid. D, Close-up frontal gigantic and small avicularia. E, Abfrontal surface of colony. F, Abfrontal surface of branch bifurcation.