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Fig. 5 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree of Pseudasphondylia species based on DNA partial COI region. (A) Bayesian tree of Pseudasphondylia species, supported values are shown beside nodes with the Bayesian posterior probability (lift) and ultrafast bootstrap of the IQ tree (right). Taxa with different colors refer to distinct species based on summarized results of species delimitation (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery analysis). (B) Cladogram of Pseudasphondylia kiwiphila sp. nov. lineage in IQ tree.

Fig. 4 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 4. Pseudasphondylia elaeocarpi (A) Pupal face and antennal horns. (B) Pupal abdomen, arrows indicate stigmatal tubercles. (C) Larval sternal spatula. Scale bars: A and C = 0.3 mm; B = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 3. Pseudasphondylia kiwiphila sp. nov. (A) Male genitalia. (B) Pupal antennal horn. (C) Pupal abdomen; arrow refer to spiracle tube. (D) Larval sternal spatula. (E) larval lateral papillae, arrow refers to lateral papillae. Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm; B and D = 0.3 mm; C = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 2 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 2. Pseudasphondylia kiwiphila sp. nov. (A) Male head (ventral view) (B) Male antenna (8–12 segment). (C) Female antenna (8–12 segment). (D) Male 5th tarsomere. (E) Female 5th tarsomere. (F) Male wing. (G) Female wing. Scale bars: A–C = 0.02 mm; D–F = 0.1 mm; G–H = 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 1. Galls of Taiwanese Pseudasphondylia species. (A) Fingershaped leaf galls on Elaeocarpus sylvestris. (B) Fruit gall on Actinidia rufa.

Fig. 2 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 2. Effects of (a) Steps per minute, (b) Water level (cm), (c) Rice height (cm), (d) Abundance of herons, and (e) Abundance of black-faced spoonbills on the foraging success rate of black-faced spoonbills (n = 45). Dotted lines show the mean predicted probability of each variable.

Fig. 3 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 3. Wet weight (log transformed) of potential prey in rice fields that black-faced spoonbills non-occurred and occurred (Mann-Whitney U test, p <0.05).

Fig. 8 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 8. Bayesian inference multilocus cladogram of Tubulanidae. Numerals near the branches are nodal support values (ML bootstrap value/Bayesian posterior probability). Closed circles indicate a nodal support of 1.00/100; open circles indicate a nodal support of 1.00/<100.

Fig. 7 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 7. Parahubrechtia peri sp. nov., transverse histological sections of the holotype. A, precerebral region; B, mouth region (arrow indicate epidermal depression); C, foregut region; D, nephridial region; E, post-nephridial region; F, anterior proboscis (arrows indicate pseudocnidae). Abbreviations: cl, cephalic lacuna; dc, dorsal muscle cross; fg, foregut; in, intestine; ln, longitudinal nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; n, nephridial tube; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum; rh, rhynchocoel. Scale bars: A, B = 50 µm; C–E = 100 µm; F = 10 µm.

Fig. 6 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 6. Parahubrechtia peri sp. nov., live holotype (MIMB 41341). A, a relaxed specimen; B–D, anterior body portion of a relaxed specimen in the dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views (arrows indicate 'tubulanid' ring); E–H, a specimen compressed under coverglass with the anterior body half (E), precerebral region (F), mouth region (G), and a fragment of proboscis (H). Abbreviations: ap, anterior proboscis; br, brain; cl, cephalic lacuna; lo, lateral organ; mp, middle proboscis; pp, posterior proboscis; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum; tr, 'tubulanid' ring. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B– E = 0.5 mm; F–H = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 5. Parahubrechtia rayi sp. nov., cLSM z-projections of the larvae labelled with phalloidin. A, stage at 26 h after fertilization; B, at 48 h after fertilization; C, at 72 h after fertilization. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; pe, provisional epithelium; rm, retractor muscle. Scale bar = 20 µm.

Fig. 3 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 3. Parahubrechtia rayi sp. nov., transverse histological sections of the holotype (F–H) and paratypes (A-E, I). A, precerebral region; B, brain region; C, foregut region; D, E, mouth region showing fused (D, arrow) and split (E, arrows) buccal nerves; F, nephridial region; G, H, postnephridial region showing inner rhynchocoel tube (G, arrows) and ventral rhynchocoel caecum (H, arrows); I, nephridial region (arrows indicate terminal glandular organ). Abbreviations: br, brain; cl, cephalic lacuna; dc, dorsal muscle cross; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; in, intestine; ln, longitudinal nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; n, nephridial tube; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum; rh, rhynchocoel. Scale bars: A, B, G, H = 100 µm; C, F = 200 µm; D, E = 50 µm.

Fig. 4 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 4. Parahubrechtia rayi sp. nov., proboscis. A, proboscis of a live specimen compressed under coverglass (arrows indicate four proboscis regions); B–E, transverse histological sections through the first (B), second (C), third (D), and fourth (E) proboscis regions; F–I, cLSM micrographs of the proboscis labelled with phalloidin, F, z-projection of longitudinal sections of the anterior proboscis showing ICM, DM, and LM; G, H, substacks of transverse sections through the anterior proboscis showing muscle crosses (arrows); I, substacks of transverse sections through the middle proboscis (with DAPI). Abbreviations: ap, anterior proboscis; icm, inner circular musculature; mp, middle proboscis; ocm, outer circular musculature; pp, posterior proboscis. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–G, I = 50 µm; H = 20 µm.

Fig. 1 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 1. Map of study area. During survey period we observed three active breeding sites of black-faced spoonbills within a 20 km radius of the study area. Open circles indicate non-breeding islets during the survey period.

Fig. 2 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 2. Parahubrechtia rayi sp. nov., cLSM micrographs of the body labeled with phalloidin (A–F) and 5-HT (G–I). A, substack of longitudinal sections through the body-wall musculature with crisscrossed DM (arrowed) in the precerebral region; B, C, substacks of transverse sections through the body in the foregut region; D, substack of transverse sections through the body in the mouth region (arrows indicate isolated longitudinal muscles); E, F, substacks of transverse sections through the body in the post-nephridial region (arrows indicate ICM); G, z-projection of longitudinal sections through the anterior part of the body (ventral view) showing subepidermal neural plexus; H, substack of longitudinal sections of the anterior part of the head showing neural plexus of the cephalic lacunae; I, substack of transverse section through the body in the mouth region showing 5-HT positive nervous system. Abbreviations: bc, buccal cavity; bn, buccal nerves; dc, dorsal muscle cross; dm, diagonal musculature; dn, dorsal nerve; fg, foregut; icm, inner circular musculature; in, intestine; lm, longitudinal musculature; ln, longitudinal nerve cord; lv, lateral vessel; m, mouth; ocm, outer circular musculature; npl, neural plexus of blood lacunae; pr, proboscis; rh, rhynchocoel; rnp, rhynchocoel neural plexus; snp, subepidermal neural plexus; tn, transverse subepidermal nerves. Scale bars: A, C–E = 50 μm; B = 200 μm; F–H = 100 μm; I = 20 μm.

Fig. 1 in Scyllarides squammosus Nisto

Fig. 1. Parahubrechtia rayi sp. nov., A, unrelaxed live holotype, mature male (MIMB 41337); B, C, specimens (B, immature male; C, mature female) compressed under coverglass (arrows indicate epidermal constrictions); D, the head of the specimen compressed under coverglass. Abbreviations: br, brain; cl, cephalic lacuna; g, gonad; lo, lateral organ; m, mouth; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum; tr. 'tubulanid' ring. Scale bars: A– C = 0.5 mm; D = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in DNA barcoding the phyllosoma of Scyllarides squammosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Decapoda: Achelata: Scyllaridae)

FIGURE 8. Scyllarides squammosus, Stage XII-Final. A, ventral view; B, details of antennule and antenna; C, detail of maxillule; D, maxilla and first maxilliped; E, detail of abdomen and detail of 5th pereiopod; F, dorsal view of abdomen; G, detail of pleopods. Scale bar: A = 10 mm; B–F = 1mm.

FIGURE 9 in DNA barcoding the phyllosoma of Scyllarides squammosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Decapoda: Achelata: Scyllaridae)

FIGURE 9. Relationship between CW / TL ratio and TL using all Scyllarides squammosus larvae sampled in this study (n = 34, including stages VI and VII) and those present in the previous literature.

FIGURE 6. Scyllarides squammosus, Stage X. A in DNA barcoding the phyllosoma of Scyllarides squammosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Decapoda: Achelata: Scyllaridae)

FIGURE 6. Scyllarides squammosus, Stage X. A, ventral view; B, details of antennule and antenna; C, detail of maxillule; D, maxilla and first maxilliped; E, detail of abdomen and 5th pereiopod; F, 3rd maxilliped; G, 5th segment and dactyl of 1 st pereiopod. Scale bar: A = 10 mm; B, E = 1 mm; C, D = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 5. Scyllarides squammosus, Stage IX. A in DNA barcoding the phyllosoma of Scyllarides squammosus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Decapoda: Achelata: Scyllaridae)

FIGURE 5. Scyllarides squammosus, Stage IX. A, ventral view; B, details of antennule and antenna; C, detail of maxillule; D, maxilla and first maxilliped; E, detail of abdomen and 5th pereiopod. Scale bar: A = 10 mm; B, E = 1 mm; C, D = 0.5 mm.