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Fig. 7 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 7. Seasonal polyphenism in the dorsal wing color of male Atala, Eumaeus atala. Green (lef photo) is predominantly found in cooler winter and spring southeast Florida temperatures.

Fig. 5 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 5. Eumaeus atala pupal development time (d) for different seasons is indicated by the different line styles. Two distinct groups of development are present, the warm season (summer to fall) and cool season (winter to spring).

Fig. 6 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 6. Polyphenism in Atala, Eumaeus atala, pupae. Increased melanization is associated with cooler temperatures. All pupae were 10 d old when the photographs were taken.

Fig. 3 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 3. Eumaeus atala egg development time (d) for different seasons is indicated by different line styles. A separation in development is starting to show between warm season (summer to fall) and cool season (winter to spring).

Fig. 2 in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 2. Seasonal temperatures as programmed in environmental chambers. A) Temperatures in the chambers were programmed to match Homestead, Miami temperatures as closely as possible (see discussion) and B) degree-day units were analyzed using a Baskerville–Emin adjustment (see discussion). Bars indicate standard error.

Fig. 1. Percival environmental chambers housing Eumaeus atala. A in Life history variations and seasonal polyphenism in Eumaeus atala (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Fig. 1. Percival environmental chambers housing Eumaeus atala. A) Interior view of fabric housing cages in the Percival chambers and B) plastic 'deli-box' larval cages inside with host plant material and young Eumaeus atala larvae.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Predictability of temporal variation in climate and the evolution of seasonal polyphenism in tropical butterflies

Phenotypic plasticity in heterogeneous environments can provide tight environment-phenotype matching. However, the pre-requisite is a reliable environmental cue(s) that enables organisms to use current environmental information to induce the development of a phenotype with high fitness in a forthcoming environment. Here we quantify predictability in the timing of precipitation and temperature change to examine how this is associated with seasonal polyphenism in tropical Mycalesina butterflies. Seasonal precipitation in the tropics typically results in distinct selective environments, the wet- and dry seasons, and changes in temperature can be a major environmental cue. We sampled communities of Mycalesina butterflies from two seasonal and one aseasonal location. Quantifying environmental predictability using wavelet analysis and Colwell's indices confirmed a strong periodicity of precipitation over a 12-month period at both seasonal locations compared to the aseasonal one. However, temperature seasonality and periodicity differed between the two seasonal locations. We further show that: (1) most females from both seasonal locations synchronise their reproduction with the seasons by breeding in the wet season but arresting reproduction in the dry season. In contrast, all species breed throughout the year in the aseasonal location, and (2) species from the seasonal locations, but not those from the aseasonal location, exhibited polyphenism in wing pattern traits (eyespot size). We conclude that seasonal precipitation and its predictability are primary factors shaping the evolution of polyphenism in Mycalesina butterflies, and populations or species secondarily evolve local adaptations for cue use that depend on the local variation in the environment.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Thermal plasticity in protective wing pigmentation is modulated by genotype and food availability in an insect model of seasonal polyphenism

Phenotypic variation in natural populations results from complex interactions between organisms and their changing environments. The environment shapes both phenotypic frequencies (during adaptation) and organismal phenotypes (through phenotypic plasticity). Developmental plasticity, in particular, refers to the phenomenon whereby an organism's phenotype depends on the environmental conditions during development. It can match phenotype to ecological conditions and help organisms to cope with environmental heterogeneity, including differences between alternating seasons. Experimental studies of developmental plasticity often focus on the impact of individual environmental cues and do not take explicit account of genetic variation. In contrast, natural environments are complex, comprising multiple variables with combined effects that are poorly understood and may vary among genotypes. We investigated the effects of multifactorial environments on the development of the seasonally plastic eyespots of Bicyclus anynana butterflies. Eyespot size depends on developmental temperature and is involved in alternative seasonal strategies for predator avoidance. In nature, both temperature and food availability undergo seasonal fluctuations. However, our understanding of how thermal plasticity in eyespot size varies in response to food availability and across genotypes remains limited. To address this, we investigated the combined effects of temperature (T; two levels: 20°C and 27°C) and food availability (N; two levels: control and limited) during development. We examined their impact on wing and eyespot size in adult males and females from multiple genotypes (G; 28 families). We found evidence of thermal and nutritional plasticity and temperature-by-nutrition interactions (significant TxN) on the size of eyespots in both sexes. Food limitation resulted in relatively smaller eyespots and tempered the effects of temperature. Additionally, we found differences among families for thermal plasticity (significant GxT effects), but not for nutritional plasticity (non-significant GxN effects) nor for the combined effects of temperature and food limitation (non-significant GxTxN effects). Our results reveal the context dependence of thermal plasticity, with the slope of thermal reaction norms varying across genotypes and across nutritional environments. We discuss these results in light of the ecological significance of pigmentation and the value of considering thermal plasticity in studies of the biological impact of climate change.

publicJun 2021View details →

Predictability of temporal variation in climate and the evolution of seasonal polyphenism in tropical butterflies

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publicJun 2024View details →

Data from: Thermal plasticity in protective wing pigmentation is modulated by genotype and food availability in an insect model of seasonal polyphenism

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Fig. 5 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 5 Phylogenetic tree and haplotype network of Panorpa liui. a Phylogenetic tree of Bayesian inference based on combined data of COI, COII, and 28S rRNA; Bayesian posterior probabilities and ML

Fig. 4 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 4 Variation of wing size and shape of Panorpa liui. a Boxplot of centroid size for different color morphs/populations. b Scatter plots of canonical variates CV1 vs CV2 for different color morphs/populations. c Shape variations along CV1 and CV2 illustrated by deformation grid graphs

Fig. 2 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 2 Adults of Panorpa liui in habitat. a, d Yellow morph. b Intermediate morph. c, f Black morph. e Deep black morph

Fig. 1 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 1 Geographic distribution of the four color morphs for Panorpa liui. Population ID provided in Table S1

Fig. 3 in Integrative taxonomy of the seasonally polyphenic scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua, 1997 (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Fig. 3 Variation of the male genitalia of Panorpa liui, ventral views. a–c Yellow morph. d, h Deep black morph. e–g Black morph. bst, basal stalk; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; hv, hypovalve; vv, ventral valve; scale bars = 0.5 mm

opennotspecifiedSep 2018View details →

Figure 5 in Consistent seasonal polyphenism in male genitalia of three Leptidea butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Figure 5. Between-species pairwise comparisons of phallus and saccus performed in form space using outlines (each representing the mean shape for the species).

opennotspecifiedSep 2018View details →

Figure 2 in Consistent seasonal polyphenism in male genitalia of three Leptidea butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Figure 2. Box-plots depicting the size (centroid size) of genital structures at the interspecific (species) and intraspecific (generation) level, respectively. Abbreviations: J, L. juvernica; j1 and j2, L. juvernica first and second generation; R, L. reali; r1 and r2, L. reali first and second generation; S, L. sinapis; and s1, s2 and s3, L. sinapis first, second and third generation.