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41 results for “Seed mass”
Seed Mass of species from Yasuní National Forest, Ecuador, 2000-2014
We provide data on mean dry and wet mass of > 800 species from Yasuní National Forest, Ecuador collected between 2000 and 2014. Species include trees, shrubs, lianas and herbs. We also provide data on number of seeds per fruit for >1100 species compiled in 2016, along with information on fruit type and dispersal mode. Both of these data sets supplement previously published data on flowering and fruiting phenology from this equatorial, ever-wet rainforest in eastern Ecuador (Garwood et al. 2023). Garwood, N.C., S.J. Wright, R. Valencia, and M.R. Metz. 2023. Rainforest phenology: flower, fruit and seed production from biweekly collections of 200 traps in the Yasuní Forest Dynamics Plot, Ecuador, 2000-2018 ver 1. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/5e6cb3d7ff741fd9d21965c4a904bc1f (Accessed 2024-03-27).
Seed mass data for crop species and wild progenitors
<p>Data supporting a comparison of seed masses in crop species and their wild progenitors.</p> <p>The data files which fed into the analysis reported in the paper are:</p> <ul> <li>Grass_crops_raw.csv</li> <li>Legume_crops_raw.csv</li> <li>Veg crops combined.csv</li> <li>Beet_seeds_dissected.csv - mass of true seeds of beet; the data in the main 'Veg crops' file are for beet seed capsules, which are easier to collect and weigh.</li> <li>Cassava_EMBRAPA_*.csv - extra seed mass data from cassava, analysed separately from the main data, and described in supplementary material 2.</li> </ul> <p>Scripts used in processing the data (*.py) and a Makefile controlling some processing steps are included.</p> <p>There is also some extra data collected on other species of vegetable crops: <em>Brassica </em>spp., Chicory & Endive (<em>Cichorium </em>spp.), Leek (<em>Allium ampeloprasum</em>), and on fibre crops: Kenaf & Roselle (<em>Hibiscus </em>spp.), Jute (<em>Corchorus olitorius</em>), Hemp (<em>Linum</em> spp.). The data available for these was not sufficient to include them in our analysis, but they are provided here anyway.</p>
SED templates for "Dwarf AGNs from Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Intermediate-mass black hole demographics from optical synoptic surveys"
<p>FITS file containing the pre-computed grid of Done or Nemmen model SEDs. See Table 2 in the publication for details.</p>
Data from: Weak evidence of trade-offs modulated by seed mass among a guild of closely related winter annuals
<p>This is R code for addressing the following research questions:</p> <p>(1) Do species differ in their average responses to density treatments?</p> <p>(2) Does seed mass explain species' responses to increasing densities of conspecifics?</p> <p>(3) Does seed mass explain species' responses to increasing densities of both conspecifics and heterospecifics?</p>
Data from: Weak evidence of trade-offs modulated by seed mass among a guild of closely related winter annuals
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Individual body mass and sex of a frugivorous bird affect the quality of seed dispersal
<p><span>Frugivorous animals play crucial roles dispersing seeds</span><span> away from parental plants and influencing plant recruitment. Most studies focus on comparisons of seed dispersal services provided by distinct species of animals, but neglect how within-species variation may affect dispersal. Individual traits, such as body mass and sex, are related to metabolic rates, gut load capacity, and transit times that potentially influence dispersal quantity and quality. Here, we aim to answer if individual traits (body mass and sex) of Pale-breasted Thrushes (<em>Turdus leucomelas</em>) affect seed dispersal quality by testing the following hypotheses (a) individual traits influence seed retention time and germination, (b) seed retention time affects seed germination and (c) seed passage through the gut enhances germination. We found that females retained seeds in the gut for longer periods than males. Gut-passed and manually depulped seeds had similar germination success. However, heavier birds, irrespective of sex, had longer seed retention times and promoted higher germination. Our results indicate that intraspecific differences in the morphological traits of frugivores are a source of variation in dispersal outputs and may help to explain complex patterns of seed dispersal. We highlight the importance of considering the quality of seed dispersal at an individual level, as well as at a species level, and reinforce that some individuals may contribute more to seed germination, and potentially recruitment, than others. Finally, a decrease in body masses of tropical birds in response to global warming may cascade to a decrease in seed dispersal quality. </span></p>
The ability to disperse large seeds, rather than body mass alone, defines the importance of animals in a hyper-diverse seed dispersal network
<p>1. Large-bodied animals play irreplaceable roles in seed dispersal, partly due to their capacity to disperse large seeds. Understanding this role at a community level has been limited by the paucity of network studies that include large vertebrates, and the almost complete absence of studies including synzoochoric dispersers. Synzoochoric dispersers can disperse seeds disproportionately large for their body size, potentially overlapping the roles of large-bodied animals. A comprehensive network, inclusive of large vertebrates and synzoochorous dispersers, is imperative to understand seed dispersal at a community level.</p> <p>2. Here, we analysed the seed dispersal network of a hyper-diverse Sundaic forest in Malaysia using local ecological knowledge and including multiple forms of endozoochorous and synzoochorous dispersal. We evaluated the extent to which three disperser traits: body mass, seed-handling ability (size of the largest seed dispersed), and diet explained the importance of animals in the network. We evaluated dispersers' relative importance using four network metrics — degree of specialisation (nested rank), species strength, within-module connectivity (z-value), and between-modules connectivity (c-value).</p> <p>3. We found that seed-handling ability had the biggest effect on a disperser's importance, with strong effects on three network metrics (species strength, ecological specialization, z-value) and moderate effects on connectivity between modules. Body mass was important in defining interactions within modules, and dietary differences defined the ecological specialisation of species in seed dispersal.</p> <p>4. Important dispersers in our network were large-seed dispersers (e.g., rats, gibbons), large-bodied animals, in particular the Asian elephant, and animals with frugivorous diets such as hornbills.</p> <p>5. Synthesis. Our work uncovers the significance of seed-handling ability in identifying pivotal seed dispersal roles in tropical rainforests. Key dispersers include large-bodied herbivores and medium-sized frugivores that could disperse large seeds by endozoochory, and smaller rodents that dispersed similar-sized seeds by synzoochory. Many of the species that emerged as particularly important for the seed dispersal network are currently threatened (e.g., the Asian elephant, gibbons, and hornbills). Their protection or reintroduction should be a top conservation priority. </p>
Shift of seed mass and fruit type spectra along longitudinal gradient: High water availability and growth allometry
<p>CE1 Propagule traits vary among biomes along geographical gradients such as longitude, but the mechanisms that underlie these variations remain unclear. This study aims to explore seed mass variation patterns of different biome types along a longitudinal gradient and their underlying variation mechanisms by involving an in-depth analysis on the variation of seed mass, fruit type spectra, growth forms and dispersal mode spectra in Inner Mongolia and northeastern China. Plant community characterization and seed collection were conducted in 26 sites spreading over five vegetation types and covering 622 species belonging to 66 families and 298 genera. We found there are significantly declining trends for mean seed mass, vertebrate-dispersed species richness and fleshy-fruited species richness along a longitudinal gradient from forests to desert grasslands. However, we also found the lowest average seed mass and the smallest proportion of species dispersed by vertebrates occurring at typical grasslands in the five biomes. The variations of average seed mass display high congruence CE2 with transition of growth form spectra. The selection for these propagule attributes is driven mainly by climatic factors such as precipitation, temperature, soil moisture and evaporation, as well as by internal biotic factors such as growth forms, canopy coverage and leaf area. A hypothesis was provided that environmental factors and botanical traits that favor greater water availability lead to emergence (or speciation) of species with large seeds or fleshy fruits with high water content. Due to greater water availability and increasing leaf area, much more photosynthate (photosynthesis production) and allometric growth then ultimately increase the biome average seed mass from west to east. Phylogenetic signal or diversity are not found to be significantly involved in the effect on the patterns. A novel mechanistic framework and mathematical model are provided to expound seed variation among species or biomes.</p>
The ability to disperse large seeds, rather than body mass alone, defines the importance of animals in a hyper-diverse seed dispersal network
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Individual body mass and sex of a frugivorous bird affect the quality of seed dispersal
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: putting seed traits into pellets: using seed mass data to improve seed encapsulation technology for native plant revegetation
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Shift of seed mass and fruit type spectra along longitudinal gradient: High water availability and growth allometry
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Seed mass, hardness and phylogeny determine the potential for endozoochory by granivorous waterbirds
Field studies have shown that waterbirds, especially members of the Anatidae family, are major vectors of dispersal for a broad range of plants whose propagules can survive gut passage. Widely adopted dispersal syndromes ignore this dispersal mechanism, and we currently have little understanding of what traits determine the potential of angiosperms for endozoochory by waterbirds. Results from previous experimental studies have been inconsistent as to how seed traits affect seed survival and retention time in the gut, and have failed to control for the influence of plant phylogeny. Using 13 angiosperm species from aquatic and terrestrial habitats representing nine families, we examined the effects of seed size, shape and hardness on the proportion of seeds surviving gut passage through mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and their retention time within the gut. We compiled a molecular phylogeny for these species and controlled for the non-independence of taxa due to common descent in our analyses. Intact seeds from all 13 species were egested, but seed survival was strongly determined by partial effects of seed mass and hardness (wet load): species with seeds harder than expected from their size, and smaller than expected from their loading, had higher survival. Once phylogeny was controlled for, a positive partial effect of seed roundness on seed survival was also revealed. Species with seeds harder than expected from their size had a longer mean retention time, but no phylogenetic signal was found for retention time. Our study is the first to demonstrate that seed shape and phylogeny are important predictors of seed survival in the avian gut. Our results demonstrate the importance of controlling simultaneously for multiple traits, and that relating single traits (e.g. seed size) alone to seed survival or retention time is not a reliable way to detect important patterns, especially when phylogenetic effects are ignored.
Data from: Aging in an herbaceous plant: increases in mortality and decreases in physiology and seed mass
1. Little is known about plant age-dependent trait expression and how environmental conditions might affect aging in the wild. This study evaluates age variation in multiple traits of a short-lived perennial herb using a manipulative field experimental design. 2. Two different-aged cohorts were followed in a field plot for over a year to evaluate trait expression in response to a competition treatment and seasonal stress. Traits measured included size, mortality, reproduction, and physiology, including photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content (SPAD). We hypothesized that the stress of competition and seasonal changes would accentuate age-dependent trait declines in older plants. 3. The results highlight consistent age differences in plant size, mortality, and seed size with older plants being smaller, more likely to die, and producing smaller seeds. Some of the aging declines were sensitive to environmental conditions such that it was only during certain seasons when older plants had higher mortality, lower photosynthetic efficiency, and lower chlorophyll content than young plants. Age-dependent trait expression also varied in response to competition such that age differences in size were only present in the 'no competition treatment,' and old individuals in the competition treatment had a higher mortality than all other age-environment combinations. 4. Synthesis. These findings show that aging in plants is a complex phenotype where declines in traits are uncoordinated and can be, but are not always, sensitive to environmental conditions. This study shows age-dependent maternal effects on offspring quality which, together with the decline in performance of older individuals, may have impacts on an individual's fitness and on natural population demography.
Data from: Transgenerational genetic effects help explain latitudinal variation in seed mass and germination timing in Plantago lanceolata
<p>We know little about the underlying genetic control of phenotypic patterns of seed traits across large-scale geographic and environmental gradients. Such knowledge is important for understanding the evolution of populations within species and for improving species conservation. Therefore, to test for genetic variation in <em>P. lanceolata</em>, we made reciprocal crosses between northern and southern genotypes that span the species' range in Europe. Results provide evidence of transgenerational genetic effects on seed mass and germination timing. Northern mothers produced larger seeds with delayed germination, in contrast to southern mothers, which produced smaller seeds with accelerated germination. Maternal latitude affected both the seed coat, solely maternal tissue, and embryo/endosperm tissues. Thus, latitudinal variation in seed size and germination timing can be explained, in part, by the direct influence of maternal genotype, independent of zygotic genes that parents pass directly to the embryo and endosperm. Data suggest that researchers exploring the existence and evolution of large-scale geographic variation within species test for transgenerational genetic effects. Also, data suggest that transgenerational control of seed traits should be considered when developing procedures designed to facilitate species conservation and restoration.</p>
Seed dormancy and germination traits of 27 species inhabiting the degraded karst mountain from central Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Seed mass and moisture content correlates with germination capacity
<p>Seed dormancy and germination play an important roles in regulating germination timing and plant fitness in harsh environment, especially for fragile karst region. Broadening the knowledge regarding seed ecology of native plant species can improve local restoration management due to the increased biodiversity and success of seedling establishment, yet few studies have addressed this. We examined the dormancy types and germination responses to temperature regimes as well as light conditions of totally 27 that were dominant or common species inhabiting a degraded karst mountain from central Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and assessed the relationships between seed traits and germination index using a partial least squares regression (PLSR). Approximately 48% of the investigated species exhibited physiological dormancy, 37% exhibited nondormancy, 7% exhibited morphophysiological dormancy, 4% exhibited morphological dormancy and 4% exhibited physical dormancy. Germination behaviors occurred in 16 of 27 species. The seed germination of 13 species strongly responded to seasonal temperature regimes, whereas 12 species were substantially affected by light conditions. About 94% species germinated to the maximum percent in warm temperature regimes (20/13 and 25/18 °C), while the remaining was in cool temperature regime (10/4 °C). The PLSR analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between seed mass and T50 m (time to 50% final germination), and a negative correlation between seed moisture content and percent germination, showing that small seeds, particularly those with a low moisture content, were more likely to have a greater germination capacity (including relative less germination time and higher germination percent) than large seeds in harsh karst environments. In general, these results strengthen the understanding of seed dormancy classification of dormant species and germination requirements of nondormant ones that representative of pioneer species of early stage of positive succession in seriously degraded sites and provide suggestion for species selection in local seed-based vegetation restoration.</p>
Data from: Can body mass and skull morphology predict seed and fruit ingestion potential for mammal species? A test using extant species and its application to extinct species
<p>Larger animals are assumed to ingest larger seeds and consume larger fruits, but empirical studies reveal inconsistent trends between body mass and the average size of fruits and seeds ingested. Further, no studies have explored seed size relationships with morphological traits, such as skull dimensions. Such characteristics might provide more reliable estimates of ingestion ability and allow for accurate predictions of seed dispersal capacity in species for which we lack empirical data, especially extinct species. To determine whether (i) mammalian skull dimensions are better predictors of the maximum size of ingested seeds and fruits, compared to body mass and (ii) body mass are the better predictors of mean fruit and seed sizes, we studied these relationships across three mammalian orders: Chiroptera, Primates, and Carnivora.</p> <p>We collected novel data on skull dimensions and collated available data on body mass and maximum and mean sizes of ingested fruits and seeds for mammals (N=100) across the Neotropics, Asia, Africa, and Madagascar. We explored the relationships between anatomical traits and fruit and seed sizes of extant species and made predictions for five extinct species.</p> <p>Our results revealed that body mass and skull dimensions are essential determinants of ingested fruit and seed size in mammals. The latter traits can generate predictions for extinct species, especially coronoid height and maximum jaw gape. Nevertheless, body mass predicted larger ingested fruits and seeds than skull dimensions and explained a greater part of the variance for both maximum and mean sizes in our dataset.</p> <p>Our results show how body mass and cranial anatomy constrain seed size and reinforce the importance of maintaining functional diversity in seed dispersers to maintain tropical forest structure. We also show that scientists can use morphological characteristics to predict the seed dispersal potential of extinct mammals allowing better inferences on past and future consequences of frugivore extinctions within tropical forests.</p>
Fig. 5 in Unique localization of jasmonic acid-related compounds in developing Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) seeds revealed through desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging
Fig. 5. DESI-MS/MSI of OPDA and OPC-8 in the developing Phaseolus vulgaris seeds. (a) Optical image of the seed section for OPDA analysis. (b) MS/MS spectrum of precursor ion at m/z 291.1966 ± 1 Da obtained at the target enhanced mode for m/z 165.1. (c) Ion image at m/z 165.1300. (d) Optical image of the seed section for OPC-8:0 analysis. (e) MS/MS spectrum of precursor ion at m/z 293.2122 ± 1 Da obtained at the target enhanced mode for m/z 225.1. Ion images at m/z (f) 223.1400 and (g) 231.2142. Scale bar = 2 mm. Compound names are defined in Table 1.
Fig. 4 in Unique localization of jasmonic acid-related compounds in developing Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) seeds revealed through desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging
Fig. 4. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of JA-related compounds in the extracts from the radicle and seed coat of developing Phaseolus vulgaris seeds. MS/MS spectra of peaks at (a) 5.3 min in Fig. 3c, (b) 5.3 min in Fig. 3d, (c) 6.5 min in Fig. 3c and (d) 6.5 min in Fig. 3d and (e) 6.3 min in Fig. 3e and (f) 6.3 min in Fig. 3f and (g) 6.4 min in Fig. 3e, (h) 6.4 min in Fig. 3f, (i) 6.7 min in Fig. 3e, and (j) 6.7 min in Fig. 3f. Compound names are defined in Table 1.
Fig. 2 in Unique localization of jasmonic acid-related compounds in developing Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) seeds revealed through desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging
Fig. 2. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of JA-related compound standards. Spectra of (a) OPDA, (b) OPC-8:0, and (c) JA standards. Compound names are defined in Table 1.
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