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18 results for “Self-healing concrete”
Deposition of data for developing deep learning models to assess crack width and self-healing progress in concrete (krkCMd)
<p>This is a deposition of data for developing deep learning models to assess crack width and self-healing progress in concrete [1]. It relates to an experimental study on the autogenous self-healing of high-strength concrete [2]. Concrete specimens were prepared, matured, cracked, and exposed to self-healing. High-resolution scanning of the specimen surface and scale-invariant image processing were performed, multiple grid lines crossing cracks were established, and brightness degree profiles were extracted. Then, manual measurements of the crack widths were obtained by an operator.</p> <p>The dataset comprises 19,098 records of brightness profiles, reference crack width measurements, and benchmark measurements by deep learning and analytic models. The source images, which were stacked and marked with grid lines, are provided. The considerable number of brightness profiles coupled with manual reference measurements make the dataset well suited for developing an image-based deep learning models or analytic algorithms for assessing crack widths in concrete.</p> <p>The deposited data includes:</p> <ul> <li>krkCMd_table.csv: delimited, comma-separated text file containing a dataset of 19,098 crack brightness degree profiles, reference crack width measurements by operator, and benchmark measurements by a deep CNN metasensor and by an analytic edge detector.</li> <li>krkCMd_images.zip: archive containing source image files in folders by test series: <br>- stacked images of cracks in subsequent stages of self-healing (.tif files),<br>- zip archives assigned to image stacks and containing sets of ImageJ data files .roi,<br>- ImageJ .roi files specifying the locations of grid lines in the images.</li> <li>krkCMd_scripts.zip: archive containing custom scripts supporting image preprocessing and computing benchmark variables.</li> </ul> <p><span>For details please see the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04485-z">data descriptor [1]</a>. When referring to the data in publications please cite [1].</span></p> <p>[1] Jakubowski, J., Tomczak, K. Dataset for developing deep learning models to assess crack width and self-healing progress in concrete. <em>Sci Data</em> <strong>12</strong>, 165 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04485-z</p> <p>[2] Jakubowski, J. & Tomczak, K. Deep learning metasensor for crack-width assessment and self-healing evaluation in concrete. <em>Constr. Build. Mater.</em> <strong>422</strong>, 135768 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135768</p>
Supplementary data for the paper: "Resilient crystalline admixture in ultra-high performance self-healing concrete under cyclic freeze-thaw with de-icing salts"
<p>Supplementary data for the paper: "Resilient crystalline admixture in ultra-high performance self-healing concrete under cyclic freeze-thaw with de-icing salts"<br><br>Open data concerning experimental work. <span>This study investigates the influence of a crystalline admixture (CA) in Ultra-high performance (fibre-reinforced) concrete under freeze-thaw (FT) cycles with de-icing salts with focus on single cracks with a width of around 120 µm, specifically focusing on the ability of the healing products of CA to survive and the ability to re-heal after a healing regime following FT exposure. </span></p>
Supplementary data for the paper: "Bacteria-based self-healing concrete exposed to frost salt scaling"
<p>Supplementary data for the paper: “Bacteria-based self-healing concrete exposed to frost salt scaling”.<br> <br> Open data concerning experimental work. The paper presents the benefits of introducing a bacteria-based healing agent in concrete to enable self-healing, assessed under frost salt scaling conditions. Durability tests such as scaling, water permeability and chloride ingress were performed. In addition, a microstructural analysis based on mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), fluorescence microscopy, thin section analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was performed. </p> <p> </p>
Raw data and supplementary material of the fifth inter-laboratory testing program (RRT5, self-healing concrete with macrocapsules) of the EU COST action SARCOS
<p>This data is the result of a collaboration of scientists working on the development of self-healing concrete within the framework of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action “Self-healing as preventive repair of concrete structures” SARCOS CA15202.</p> <p>In the framework of SARCOS 6 inter-laboratory testing programs are being executed to investigate possible standard test methods for self-healing concrete, each of the testing programs focusing on a different self-healing technique:<br> (1) Concrete with mineral additions,<br> (2) Concrete with the addition of magnesium oxide,<br> (3) Concrete enhanced with crystalline admixtures,<br> (4) High performance fibre reinforced concrete enhanced with crystalline admixtures,<br> (5) Concrete with preplaced macrocapsules containing polymeric healing agent, and<br> (6) Concrete with encapsulated bacteria.</p> <p>The data which can be found here have been obtained in the inter-laboratory testing program 5 "Concrete with preplaced macrocapsules containing polymeric healing agent". In total 6 labs participated in this testing program: Ghent University, Politecnico di Torino, Riga Technical University, Cracow University of Technology, Cambridge University, and KU Leuven (Ghent Technology Campus). All specimens were cast at Ghent University and were then distributed to the different labs, where they were tested.</p> <p>The testing program consisted of tests on both concrete and mortar specimens. The reinforced concrete specimens were cracked in a displacement-controlled three-point bending setup. Subsequently, they were subjected to two capillary water absorption tests, each with a different waterproofing technique. The mortar specimens were not reinforced, instead they were provided with a Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminate at the top. They were cracked in a force-controlled three-point bending setup, and immediately an active crack width control technique was applied to restrain the crack width of the specimens to a desired crack width range. After measuring of the crack width, the water permeability of the mortar specimens was accessed in a water flow test. In the end, the specimens were cracked open to assess the spread of the polyurethane healing agent.</p>
Evaluation of the self-healing capacity of concrete with low-cost macro-capsules
<p>This study focuses on the evaluation of the efficiency of a low-cost macrocapsule, using commercially available pharmaceutical capsules with specific modifications, for self-healing concrete. The macrocapsules were developed by the Belgian Building Research Institute in a previous study. The healing agent is a resin based on alkyd-urethane, a low-cost commercial product, which was selected for its compatibility with concrete and shell, and also for the following reasons: resin release, adhesion to concrete, and reduction in capillary water absorption. After their manufacturing, the macrocapsules were carefully integrated within the concrete mix at 5 volume-%, and cubes and slabs for compressive and impact tests were cast. Small beams 160 x 40 x 40 mm<sup>3</sup> containing each three capsules (placed 15 mm above the bottom surface) were tested for flexural strength and capillary water absorption. The effect of self-healing was evaluated by sorptivity test for two different crack mouth opening displacements of 0.5 mm and 0.9 mm. In both cases, the cracks were partially or completely healed, and the mechanical properties of the macrocapsule specimens were quite the same as the reference specimens. This demonstrates that the modified low-cost macrocapsules are sufficient to heal large cracks without losing the concrete mechanical properties.</p>
Determination of the Optimal Parameters for Self-Healing Efficiency of Encapsulated bacteria in Concrete Simulated Subtropical Climate
<p>Concrete is a remarkable construction material. However, its low tensile strength makes it prone to cracking, which negatively affects its durability. To address this issue, bacterial concrete has been implemented as a self-healing alternative due to its capability to seal microcracks through microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP). In this study, a bacterial strain (i.e, Bacillus Pseudiformus) was encapsulated through three different methods: encapsulation through hydrogel beads, vacuum impregnation on lightweight aggregates, and attachment to cellulose nanocrystals. Furthermore, three precursor types were used, magnesium acetate, calcium lactate, and sodium lactate were implemented. Compressive strength tests and flexural strength tests were performed on mortar specimens to characterize their mechanical properties. Once the crack was induced, samples were subjected to 28 days of wet/dry cycles in which the corresponding crack width was monitored. At the end of this period, the beams were retested to determine the strength recovery of the specimens. The results showed that the specimen groups in which calcium lactate was added to the cementitious matrix displayed the highest values in compressive strength. In terms of flexural strength, no major difference was found among the specimens. Moreover, the flexural strength recovery of the specimens did not show any significant difference as well. In terms of the healing efficiency, the sample that displayed the best results was the one containing calcium lactate as a precursor along with bacteria and yeast extract encapsulated in hydrogel beads. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was performed on the cracked specimens to characterize the healing products. Furthermore, a scale study was performed on concrete samples to determine the long-term implications of adding encapsulated bacteria along with calcium lactate and yeast extract in concrete.</p>
Supplementary data for the paper: "Self-healing concrete with a bacteria-based or crystalline admixture as healing agent to prevent chloride ingress and corrosion in a marine environment'"
<div> <p>Supplementary data for the paper: "Self-healing concrete with a bacteria-based or crystalline admixture as healing agent to prevent chloride ingress and corrosion in a marine environment"<br><br>Open data concerning experimental work. Bacteria-based agents (BAS) and crystalline admixtures (CA) are explored as healing agents to enhance chloride resistance and prevent corrosion. Healing of 100 µm and 300 µm wide cracks was investigated, in combination with two conditioning methods. Either the samples were subjected to wet/dry cycles for 3 months before exposure (“healed”), or they were directly exposed to artificial seawater after crack creation (“unhealed”). </p> </div> <h2>Files</h2>
Self-Healing Microcapsules as Concrete Aggregates for Corrosion Inhibition in Reinforced Concrete
<p>Corresponding data set for Tran-SET Project No. 17CLSU08. Abstract of the final report is stated below for reference:</p> <p>"Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures are vital to the US’s civil infrastructure for their strength and versatility. Unfortunately, RC elements deteriorate rapidly when exposed to corrosive environments. One possible solution is to extend the life of RC elements and systems using microencapsulated corrosion inhibitors to reduce the rebar corrosion rate. The capsules house an anodic corrosion inhibitor agent including calcium nitrate (CN) and triethanolamine (TEA). The integration of such microencapsulated materials will enhance the durability and extend the useful life by controlling the corrosion precursors and the corrosion process during damage evolution. Therefore, this work aims to develop and characterize the performance of microcapsules containing corrosion inhibitors (CN-C and TEA-C) in comparison to those introduced as admixtures (CN-A and TEA-A) for reinforced concrete applications. For the corrosion tests, all samples were subjected to continuous ponding, wet/dry cycles, and fog chamber exposure to simulate different environments. The results showed that TEA-C is more effective in giving a corrosion protection than TEA-A and the Control. In contrast, the corrosion protection performance of both CN-A and CN-C was alike. The corrosion kinetics was slightly reduced on inhibited rebars compared to unprotected rebars (the Control). When comparing TEA-C and CN-C, in the presence of each stimulus (pH changes for TEA-C, cracks for CN-C), TEA-C protected the rebar better than CN-C. For the admixture samples (TEA-A and CN-A) that do not need stimuli in the concrete, a stable and better corrosion protection was provided by CN-A. The outcome of this proof-of-concept study in the laboratory validates the merit of the proposed technology for corrosion control in RC structures."</p>
Self-Healing Concrete using Encapsulated Bacterial Spores in a Simulated Hot Subtropical Climate
<p>Corresponding data set for Tran-SET Project No. 18CLSU02. Abstract of the final report is stated below for reference:</p> <p>"Bacterial concrete has become one of the most promising self-healing alternatives due to its capability to seal crack widths through microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP). In this study, two bacterial strains were embedded at varying dosages (by weight of cement) in concrete. Beam specimens were used to identify the maximum crack-sealing efficiency, while cylinder samples were used to determine their effects on the intrinsic mechanical properties, as well as its stiffness recovery over time after inducing damage. The concrete specimens were cured in wet-dry cycles to determine their feasibility in Region 6. The results showed that the specimen groups with the highest calcium alginate concentrations (including the control specimens with embedded alginate beads but no bacteria) resulted in higher increases in stiffness recovery. Similarly, the beam samples containing alginate beads (also including the Control 3%C specimen group) had superior crack-healing efficiencies than the control samples without alginate beads (Control NC). This was attributed to the fact that the alginate beads act as a reservoir that can further enhance the autogenous healing capability of concrete. Overall, further research is recommended to verify whether the promising results reported in the literature (relating to self-healing mortar) correlate with concrete proportionally. In addition, there is a need to explore the factors that can maximize the self-healing mechanism of bio concrete through MICP, whether an alternative encapsulation mechanism, nutrient selection, curing regime, or bacterial strain is desired."</p>
2 PREHEALING: Design of concrete precast elements incorporating sustainable strategies for self-healing to increase their service life. Concrete analysis
<div>This project addresses the analysis of the performance of concrete with internal curing aggregates (ICA), low-clinker cementitious materials, and steel fibres for use in real applications in the precast industry. A total of eight mixes were designed: 100C, 60C25BA15M (where BA denotes forestry biomass and M denotes metakaolin), 60C25LF15M (with LF as limestone filler and M as metakaolin), 100C-30CBA (where CBA denotes porous aggregate from coal ash), 60C25BA15M-30CBA, 60C25LF15M-30CBA, 60C25BA15M-30CBA-F (where F denotes fibres), and 60C25LF15M-30CBA-F. Two different curing conditions were analysed (standard water curing and humidity/drying cycles), assessing the recovery of mechanical properties and four curing conditions for impermeability recovery: i) carbonated water (CW), ii) immersion/drying cycles in carbonated water (CW wet-dry), iii) tap water (TW), and iv) immersion/drying cycles in tap water (TW wet-dry).</div> <div> </div> <div>This section includes the results of all tests conducted during the experimental campaign, divided into two files:</div> <div> </div> <div> <ul> <li>01_Permeability Test.zip: <br>The attached files contain the results of the permeability tests conducted on cracks opened through the indirect tensile test on cylindrical discs. Permeability tests were initially performed after the crack was opened and then following a self-healing process under four curing conditions: i) carbonated water (CW), ii) immersion/drying cycles in carbonated water (CW wet-dry), iii) tap water (TW), and iv) immersion/drying cycles in tap water (TW wet-dry), at two exposure times: 28 and 90 days.</li> </ul> </div> <div> <ul> <li>02_Mechanical Recovery.zip:<br>The attached files contain the results of the three-point bending test, including crack opening measurements and the force applied at each interval. The cracks were reopened after a curing period in continuous tap water and in immersion/drying cycles. After a period of 28 and 90 days, the cracks were reopened to calculate the mechanical recovery during the self-healing period. The attached files contain all test results conducted during both phases.</li> </ul> </div>
1 PREHEALING: Design of concrete precast elements incorporating sustainable strategies for self-healing to increase their service life. Material characterization
<p>This project deals with the analysis of the performance of concrete with internal curing aggregates (IC), low clinker cementitious materials and steel fibres, to be used in real applications in the field of precast industry.</p> <p>The low clinker cementitious material will be composed of clinker (C), metakaolin (MK) and limestone filler (LF) as powder material. In order to promote the sustainability of these products, a sustainable powder (SP) obtained from wood ash will be included. In addition, aggregates from coal bottom ash (CBA) will be used as internal curing water reservoirs.</p> <p>This section includes the characterization of these materials providing their main properties as particle size distribution, density or absorption, among others</p>
Data of "Experimental investigation on the bond behaviour of steel reinforcement in self-healing concrete"
<p>Dataset for the fresh and hardened properties of self-healing concrete, and the bond properties of steel reinforcement in self-healing concrete</p>
Data of "Optimization of concrete mix designs toward the bond properties of steel reinforcement in self-healing concrete by Taguchi method"
<p>Dataset for the hardened properties of self-healing concrete and the bond properties of steel reinforcement in self-healing concrete used for the optimization via Taguchi method</p>
Assessment of Sustainability and Self-Healing Performances of Recycled Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
<p>Data set for a journal paper on </p> <p><span>Kannikachalam, N. P.; Marin Peralta, P. S.; Snoeck, D.; De Belie, N.; Ferrara, L., <em>Assessment of impact resistance recovery in Ultra High-Performance Concrete through stimulated autogenous self-healing in various healing environments,</em> Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 143, p. 105239, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1016/J.CEMCONCOMP.2023.105239.</span></p>
Data of "Modification of Concrete Mix Design with Crystalline Admixture for Self-healing Improvement"
<p>Raw data for the paper "Modification of Concrete Mix Design with Crystalline Admixture for Self-healing Improvement"</p>
Supplementary material for "A large-scale demonstration and sustainability evaluation of ductile-porous vascular networks for self-healing concrete"
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3 PREHEALING: Design of concrete precast elements incorporating sustainable strategies for self-healing to increase their service life: Full-Scale Prototypes
<p>This project deals with the analysis of the performance of concrete with internal curing aggregates (IC), low clinker cementitious materials and steel fibres, to be used in real applications in the field of precast industry.</p> <div>This section includes the design and results of the four wall prototypes: two constructed with the 100C mix and two with the 60C25BA15MK-30CBA mix. The model shows the instrumentation used. The foundation of all walls was constructed with conventional concrete. Two curing conditions were established: a conventional curing by water spraying and an extreme curing, in which a continuous air flow was generated, with temperature and humidity controlled in both cases. The curing was maintained for 7 days. Inspections were conducted after formwork removal to assess crack formation.</div> <div> </div> <div>After 28 days, the walls were subjected to a controlled loading process to induce residual cracks of 150 ± 20 μm. During this process, the behaviour of the walls was monitored with the instrumentation installed during construction. Additionally, movements and cracking were monitored with LVDTs and LDS. Two LVDTs were used to monitor head movement of the wall during loading, and two LDS were used to monitor potential foundation sliding. For crack formation monitoring, four LVDTs and one LDS were placed on the tension face in the crack formation area: two on each section, S1 and S2, one on the central section of the wall, S0, and two at a lower height in intermediate sections.</div> <div> </div> <div>Finally, the entire loading and cracking process was monitored through a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system. Data from the instrumentation fed into the BIM model.</div> <div> </div> <div>Attached:</div> <div> <ul> <li><strong>PH_IFC4_rev01.ifc:</strong> the resulting IFC model (as-built) after testing.</li> <li><strong>PH_BIMx_rev01.bimx</strong>: the model and shrinkage results of the four walls tested at 1, 3, 9, 14, and 28 days.</li> <li><strong>Cracking and sealing wall images.zip</strong>: Images, taken with a digital microscope, along the main crack in each wall. These images show the different stages of cracking and sealing after self-healing periods with tap water for 75 days, followed by carbonated water (rich in CO₂) for an additional 75 days.</li> </ul> </div>
Supplementary information for "Non-destructive evaluation of ductile-porous versus brittle 3D printed vascular networks in self-healing concrete"
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