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22 results for “Sensory morphology”
Shifting balances in the weighting of sensory modalities are predicted by divergence in brain morphology in incipient species of Heliconius butterflies
<p>Integrating and weighting sensory perception across modalities is crucial to how animals adapt to their environment. Divergence in brain structure is often in sensory processing regions, suggesting that investment reflects ecological needs. Here, we use two parapatric closely related species, <em>Heliconius erato cyrbia</em> and <em>Heliconius himera</em>, to test the hypothesis that divergence in sensory brain regions affects foraging decisions. These butterflies are isolated across an ecological gradient, which is linked to differences in brain morphology, with <em>H. e. cyrbia </em>investing more in visual centres and <em>H. himera</em> investing in olfactory centres. Here, we demonstrate that these two species vary in how they associate visual and olfactory cues with positive food rewards. We found that when individuals were trained on paired olfactory and visual stimuli, then presented with these stimuli in conflict, they showed distinct behavioural responses. <em>Heliconius himera</em> was more likely to favour positive olfactory cues than <em>H. e. cyrbia</em>, which favoured visual cues regardless of the paired stimulus. This suggests that these species have diverged in the emphasis placed on these different sensory domains during foraging, consistent with observed differences in brain morphology. This result strengthens evidence that speciation initiated by local adaptation is partly facilitated by changes in the neural basis of key behavioural functions.</p>
Stickleback sensory morphology 2015 & 2017 measurements and analysis files
<p>The peripheral sensory systems, whose morphological attributes help determine the acquisition of distinct types of information, provide a means to quantitatively compare multiple modalities of a species' sensory ecology. We used morphological metrics to characterize multiple sensory modalities—the visual, olfactory, and mechanosensory lateral line sensory systems—for <em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>, the three‐spined stickleback, to compare how sensory systems vary in animals that evolve in different ecological conditions. We hypothesized that the dimensions of sensory organs and correlations among sensory systems vary in populations adapted to marine and freshwater environments, and have diverged further among freshwater lake-dwelling populations. Our results showed that among environments, fish differed in which senses are relatively elaborated or reduced. When controlling for body length, littoral fish had larger eyes, more neuromasts, and smaller olfactory tissue area than pelagic or marine populations. We also found differences in the direction and magnitude of correlations among sensory systems for populations even within the same habitat type. Our data suggest that populations take different trajectories in how visual, olfactory, and lateral line systems respond to their environment. For the populations we studied, sensory modalities do not conform in a predictable way to the ecological categories we assigned.</p>
Stickleback sensory morphology 2015 & 2017 measurements and analysis files
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Data from: Shifting balances in the weighting of sensory modalities are predicted by divergence in brain morphology in incipient species of Heliconius butterflies
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Morphological diversity in the sensory system of phyllostomid bats: implications for acoustic and dietary ecology
1. Sensory systems perform fitness-relevant functions, and specialized sensory structures allow organisms to accomplish challenging tasks. However, broad comparative analyses of sensory morphologies and their performance are lacking for diverse mammalian radiations. 2. Neotropical leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are one of the most ecologically diverse mammal groups; including a wide range of diets and foraging behaviors, and extreme morphological variation in external sensory structures used in echolocation (nose leaf and pinnae). 3. We coupled 3D geometric morphometrics and acoustic field recordings under a phylogenetic framework to investigate the mechanisms underlying the diversification of external sensory morphologies in phyllostomids, and explored the potential implications of sensory morphological diversity to functional outputs and dietary ecology. 4. We found that the nose leaf consists of two evolutionary modules, spear and horseshoe, suggesting that modularity enabled morphological and functional diversification of this structure. 5. We found a significant association between some aspects of nose leaf shape and maximum frequency and bandwidth of echolocation calls, but not between pinnae shape and echolocation call parameters. This may be explained by the use of multiple sensory modes across phyllostomids and plasticity of some echolocation call parameters. 6. Species with different diets significantly differed in nose leaf shape, specifically in spear breadth, presence of a midrib, and cupping and anterior rotation of the horseshoe. This may relate to different levels of prey type specificity within each diet. Pinnae shape significantly differed between species that consume non-mobile, non-evasive prey (broad rounded, cupped pinnae) and mobile, evasive prey (flattened pinnae with a sharp tapering apex). This may reflect the use of different sound cues to detect prey. 7. Our results give insight into the morphological evolution of external sensory structures in bats, and highlight new links between morphological diversity and ecology.
Raw data for: Dynamic instability of dendrite tips generates the highly branched morphologies of sensory neurons
<p>The highly ramified arbors of neuronal dendrites provide the substrate for the high connectivity and computational power of the brain. Altered dendritic morphology is associated with neuronal diseases. Many molecules have been shown to play crucial roles in shaping and maintaining dendrite morphology. Yet, the underlying principles by which molecular interactions generate branched morphologies are not understood. To elucidate these principles, we visualized the growth of dendrites throughout larval development of Drosophila sensory neurons and discovered that the tips of dendrites undergo dynamic instability, transitioning rapidly and stochastically between growing, shrinking, and paused states. By incorporating these measured dynamics into a novel, agent-based computational model, we showed that the complex and highly variable dendritic morphologies of these cells are a consequence of the stochastic dynamics of their dendrite tips. These principles may generalize to branching of other neuronal cell types, as well as to branching at the subcellular and tissue levels.</p>
Morphological diversity in the sensory system of phyllostomid bats: implications for acoustic and dietary ecology
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Raw data for: Dynamic instability of dendrite tips generates the highly branched morphologies of sensory neurons
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Figure 10 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 10. Schematic representation of the monociliated sensory cells of the glandular proboscis epithelium in Nemertea based on the ultrastructure of the studied species. *inner microvilli in the case of receptor processes with a double ring of microvilli.
Figure 6 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 6. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscidial monociliated sensory cells of palaeonemertean species. A, Carinina yushini, longitudinal section through a group of sensory cells (asterisks). B, Carinina yushini, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. C, Carinina yushini, longitudinal section through the globular ciliary tip of a sensory cell. D, Carinina yushini, longitudinal section of a dendrite within the apicolateral junctions (black arrowheads) of a sensory cell. Bundles of microvillar filaments (white arrowheads) are terminated at the cytoplasmic membrane. E, Carinina yushini, transverse section of the proximal region of the dendrite of a sensory cell. Centrally located axial rootlets (asterisk) are surrounded by bundles of microvillar filaments (mf). F, Carinina yushini, transverse section of a distal region of the dendrite of a sensory cell. Arrowheads point to axial rootlets. G, Tubulanus punctatus, longitudinal section of a sensory cell with axial rootlets (white arrowheads). The filament bundles (black arrowheads) of the microvilli extending into the dendrite and terminating into the cytoplasmic membrane (back arrow) below apicolateral junctions
Figure 3 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 3. Confocal laser scanning micrographs of the everted (A, C, D) and inverted (B, E–L) proboscis. Red/white – phalloidin-positive (ph-p); green – acetylated α-tubulin-like immunoreactivity (tub-lir). Tub-lir has the strongest signals in the cilia and axons of sensory cells and in the basiepithelial nerve plexus. A, Hubrechtella juliae, substack of the transverse sections showing the receptor processes (black arrowheads) and axons (white arrowheads) of sensory cells. B, Cephalothrix cf. simula, substack of the longitudinal sections showing the receptor processes of small (black asterisks) and large (white arrowheads) sensory cells. C, Nipponomicrura uchidai, substack of the transverse sections showing sensory cells (arrowheads). D, N. uchidai, z-projection of the transverse sections showing the collars of sensory cells. E, Cephalothrix iwatai, substack of the longitudinal sections showing the collars of small (black arrowheads) and large (white arrowheads) sensory cells. F, Cephalothrix sp., substack of the longitudinal sections showing the collars of large sensory cells (arrowheads). G, Cephalothrix filiformis sensu Iwata, substack of the longitudinal sections showing the collars of the large
Figure 2 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 2. Light micrographs of the everted proboscis of live nemerteans. А, Cephalothrix simula, everted proboscis with bristles formed by the receptor processes of sensory cells. B, C. simula, the receptor process of a sensory cell. C, Cephalothrix sp., everted proboscis with bristles formed by the receptor processes of sensory cells. D, Kulikovia alborostrata, the apical surface of the proboscis epithelium showing pseudocnidae (white arrowheads) and monociliated sensory cells (black arrowheads).
Figure 1 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of representative longitudinal and transversal sections of proboscidial sensory cells from Nemertea. The reconstructions were based on representative sections.
Figure 9 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 9. Scanning electron micrographs of the everted proboscis. A, Balionemertes australiensis, the receptor processes (arrowheads) of sensory cells. B, Cephalothrix cf. simula, the receptor process (arrowhead) of a sensory cell. C, Cephalothrix hongkongiensis, panoramic view showing receptor processes of small (black arrowheads) and large (white arrowheads) sensory cells. D, Hubrechtella juliae, the receptor processes (asterisks) of sensory cells. E, Hinumanemertes kikuchii, the receptor process of a large sensory cell. F, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, panoramic view showing papillae along the proboscis surface. G, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, papilla tip with multiciliated cells.
Figure 4 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 4. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscis monociliated (A–P) and multiciliated (Q–S) sensory cells of hoplonemerteans. A, Tortus tokmakovae, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. B, Nipponnemertes cf. bimaculata, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. C, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, transverse section through the base of the receptor process of a sensory cell. D, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. E, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 27, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. F, Pelagica gen. sp. 2, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. G, Pelagica gen. sp. 1, transverse section through the dendrites (asterisks) of sensory cells. White arrowheads point to axial rootlets; black arrowheads point to filament bundles of the microvilli extending into the dendrite. H, Pelagica gen. sp. 1, transverse section through the basis of the receptor process of a sensory cell. I, Pelagica gen. sp. 1, transverse section through the middle region of the receptor process of a sensory cell. J, Pelagica gen. sp. 1, transverse section through the apical region of the receptor process of a
Figure 8 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 8. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscidial monociliated sensory cells of pilidiophoran species. A, Kulikovia alborostrata, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. B, K. alborostrata, longitudinal section of the globular ciliary tip of a sensory cell. C, K. alborostrata, high magnification of a longitudinal section of the distal region of the dendrite showing the ciliary basal body (white arrowhead) with one stout axial rootlet (black arrowhead) associated with microtubules (black arrows). D, K. alborostrata, longitudinal section of a sensory cell. The filament bundles (white arrowhead) of the microvilli are anchored on the inner surface of the apical cylinder (black arrowhead). E, Lineus sanguineus, longitudinal section through a group of sensory cells. A high-magnification inset shows the globular ciliary tip of a sensory cell. F, L. sanguineus, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. G, L. sanguineus, longitudinal section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. The filament bundles (white arrowhead) of the microvilli are anchored on
Figure 12 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 12. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscis nonciliated sensory cells of hoplonemerteans. A, Ototyphlonemertes valentinae, panoramic view of the apical surface of the proboscis epithelium showing the receptor process (asterisk) of a nonciliated sensory cell. B, O. valentinae, high magnification of a longitudinal section showing the base of the receptor process of a nonciliated sensory cell. C, O. valentinae, transverse section of the receptor process of a nonciliated sensory cell showing the central shaft (asterisk) surrounded by a ring of microvilli (arrowheads). D, Tetrastemma stimpsoni, longitudinal section of a papilla of the proboscis epithelium. E, Te. stimpsoni, transverse section of a papilla of the proboscis epithelium. A high-magnification inset shows the receptor process of a nonciliated sensory cell: a central shaft (asterisk) surrounded by a ring of microvilli (arrowhead). F, Te. stimpsoni, transverse section of a papilla tip. G, Te. stimpsoni, higher magnification of a papilla tip in the region of apicolateral junctions (arrowheads). H, Te. stimpsoni, transverse section of the body (asterisk) of a nonciliated sensory cell. The distal region of the cell body contains the Golgi complex (gc) and mitochondria (m). I, Te. stimpsoni, high magnification of the perinuclear cytoplasm of a nonciliated sensory cell showing the filament bundles (arrowhead) extending from the receptor process. J, Te. stimpsoni, high magnification showing the basal process (asterisks) of a nonciliated sensory cell extending into a pore (p) in the extracellular matrix (ecm). Trunks (asterisks) of the basiepithelial nerve plexus are located under the pore (p).
Figure 11 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 11. Confocal laser scanning micrographs of the everted (A, B, D, E) and inverted (C) proboscis. Red/white – phalloidin-positive (ph-p); green – acetylated α-tubulin-like immunoreactivity (tub-lir). Tub-lir has the strongest signals in the cilia and axons of sensory cells and in the basiepithelial nerve plexus. A, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, substack of transverse sections showing papillae (p) and nerve processes (white arrowheads) joining the proboscis nerve (black arrowhead). B, Drepanophoridae gen. sp. 37, zprojection of transverse sections of the papilla with a ciliary tuft (ct). C, Ototyphlonemertes valentinae, substack of a longitudinal section showing the receptor processes of nonciliated sensory cells. D, Tetrastemma stimpsoni, substack of transverse sections of papillae (p) with centrally situated phalloidinpositive receptor processes (arrowheads) of nonciliated sensory cells. E, Te. stimpsoni, substack of longitudinal sections of papillae (p) with centrally situated phalloidin-positive receptor processes (arrowheads) of nonciliated sensory cells.
Figure 7 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 7. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscidial monociliated sensory cells of pilidiophoran species. A, Lineus sanguineus, panoramic view showing the basal part of the glandular proboscis epithelium with sensory cells (asterisks). A high-magnification inset shows the contact between the axon of the sensory cell (asterisk) and the basiepithelial nerve plexus (np). B, Hubrechtella juliae, transverse section through a group of sensory cells (asterisks). Arrowhead points to axial rootlets. C, Hu. juliae, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. D, Hu. juliae, a transverse section of the proximal (black arrowhead) and distal (white arrowhead) regions of the receptor processes of sensory cells. E, Hu. juliae, a transverse section of the middle (black arrowhead) and distal (white arrowhead) regions of the receptor processes of sensory cells. F, Hu. juliae, a transverse section of a dendrite with fanned axial rootlets (arrowheads). G, Hu. juliae, high magnification of a longitudinal section of a dendrite. The filament bundles (white arrowhead) of the microvilli extend into
Figure 5 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications
Figure 5. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscis monociliated sensory cells of palaeonemerteans. A, Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons, transverse section of the receptor processes of sensory cells (asterisks). Microvilli reaches the base of the bulblike structure of the cilium (black arrowhead). White arrowheads point to axial rootlets. A high magnification inset shows the filament bundles of the microvillus terminated on axial rootlets. B, Cep. cf. rufifrons, transverse section of the receptor processes of sensory cells. C, Cephalothrix cf. rufifrons, longitudinal section through the globular ciliary tip of a sensory cell. D, Cephalothrix cf. simula, longitudinal section through a group of sensory cells (asterisks). E, Cephalothrix cf. simula, transverse section of the receptor processes with six (black arrowhead) and seven (white arrowheads) microvilli. F, Cephalothrix filiformis sensu Iwata, longitudinal section through a group of sensory cells (asterisks). A high magnification inset on the bottom right shows the septate junction. A high magnification inset on the top right shows a ciliary basal plate (arrowhead) located between the axoneme and centriole. G, Cep. filiformis sensu Iwata, transverse section of the receptor processes with six (black
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