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25 results for “Sex-specific selection”
Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection
<p>Environmental variation often induces plastic responses in organisms that can trigger changes in subsequent generations through non-genetic inheritance mechanisms. Such transgenerational plasticity thus consists of environmentally-induced non-random phenotypic modifications that are transmitted through generations. Transgenerational effects may vary according to the sex of the organism experiencing the environmental perturbation, the sex of their descendants, or both, but whether they are affected by past sexual selection is unknown. Here we use experimental evolution on an insect model system to conduct a first test of the involvement of sexual selection history in shaping transgenerational plasticity in the face of rapid environmental change (exposure to pesticides). We manipulated evolutionary history in terms of the intensity of sexual selection for over 80 generations before exposing individuals to the toxicant. We found that sexual selection history constrained adaptation under rapid environmental change. We also detected intergenerational and transgenerational effects of pesticide exposure in the form of increased fitness and longevity. These cross-generational influences of toxicants were sex-dependent (they affected only male descendants), and intergenerational, but not transgenerational, plasticity was modulated by sexual selection history. Our results highlight the complexity of intragenerational, intergenerational, and transgenerational influences of past selection and environmental stress on phenotypic expression.</p>
Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection
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Sex-specific selection of agricultural farmland by a partially migratory ungulate
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Data from: Multilevel and sex-specific selection on competitive traits in North American red squirrels.
Individuals often interact more closely with some members of the population (e.g. offspring, siblings or group members) than they do with other individuals. This structuring of interactions can lead to multilevel natural selection, where traits expressed at the group-level influence fitness alongside individual-level traits. Such multilevel selection can alter evolutionary trajectories, yet is rarely quantified in the wild, especially for species that do not interact in clearly demarcated groups. We quantified multilevel natural selection on two traits, postnatal growth rate and birth date, in a population of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). The strongest level of selection was typically within-acoustic social neighbourhoods (within 130m of the nest), where growing faster and being born earlier than nearby litters was key, while selection on growth rate was also apparent both within-litters and within-study areas. Higher population densities increased the strength of selection for earlier breeding, but did not influence selection on growth rates. Females experienced especially strong selection on growth rate at the within-litter level, possibly linked to the biased bequeathal of the maternal territory to daughters. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering multilevel and sex-specific selection in wild species, including those that are territorial and sexually monomorphic.
Data from: Sex-specific selection patterns in a dioecious insect-pollinated plant
<p>This is an experimental research project which aims at understanding how natural and sexual selection gradients (and differentials) vary according to sex in a dioecious insect-pollinated species, <em>Silene dioica.</em> Moreover, Bateman gradients are estimated using two sampling methods for genotyped offspring acquisition. The following dataset was obtained on the whole flowering season and includes:</p> <ul> <li>individual information (population cohort etc.)</li> <li>18 floral traits (using mean for repeated measures)</li> <li>female reproductive success</li> <li>male reproductive success (clean results from CERVUS, with and without paternity share)</li> <li>male and female mating success (estimating with different sampling methods)</li> </ul>
Data from: Quantifying the phenome-wide response to sex-specific selection in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Sex-specific selection patterns in a dioecious insect-pollinated plant
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Data from: Multilevel and sex-specific selection on competitive traits in North American red squirrels.
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Data from: Sexual selection and population spatial structure interact to shape sex-specific evolutionary responses in physiology
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Data from: Evidence for sex-specific selection in brain: a case study of the nine-spined stickleback
Theory predicts that the sex making greater investments into reproductive behaviours demands higher cognitive ability, and as a consequence, larger brains or brain parts. Further, the resulting sexual dimorphism can differ between populations adapted to different environments, or among individuals developing under different environmental conditions. In the nine-spine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), males perform nest building, courtship, territory defence and parental care, whereas females perform mate choice and produce eggs. Also, predation-adapted marine and competition-adapted pond populations have diverged in a series of ecologically relevant traits, including the level of phenotypic plasticity. Here, we studied sexual dimorphism in brain size and architecture in nine-spined stickleback from marine and pond populations reared in a factorial experiment with predation and food treatments in a common garden experiment. Males had relatively larger brains, larger telencephala, cerebella and hypothalami (6–16% divergence) than females, irrespective of habitat. Females tended to have larger bulbi olfactorii than males (13%) in the high food treatment, whereas no such difference was found in the low food treatment. The strong sexual dimorphism in brain architecture implies that the different reproductive allocation strategies (behaviour vs. egg production) select for different investments into the costly brains between males and females. The lack of habitat dependence in brain sexual dimorphism suggests that the sex-specific selection forces on brains differ only negligibly between habitats. Although significance of the observed sex-specific brain plasticity in the size of bulbus olfactorius remains unclear, it demonstrates the potential for sex-specific neural plasticity.
Data from: Resolving the conundrum of inbreeding depression but no inbreeding avoidance: estimating sex-specific selection on inbreeding by song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)
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Data from: Evidence for sex-specific selection in brain: a case study of the nine-spined stickleback
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Data from: Differential effects of maternal yolk androgens on male and female offspring: a role for sex-specific selection?
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Latitudinal clines in sexual selection, sexual size dimorphism, and sex-specific genetic dispersal during a poleward range expansion
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Data from: Do males pay for sex? Sex-specific selection coefficients suggest not
Selection acting on males can reduce mutation load of sexual relative to asexual populations, thus mitigating the two-fold cost of sex, provided that it seeks and destroys the same mutations as selection acting on females, but with higher efficiency. This could happen due to sexual selection – a potent evolutionary force that in most systems predominantly affects males. We used replicate populations of red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) to study sex-specific selection against deleterious mutations introduced with ionizing radiation. We found no evidence for selection being stronger in males than in females; in fact, we observed a non-significant trend in the opposite direction. This suggests that selection on males does not reduce mutation load below the level expected under the (hypothetical) scenario of asexual reproduction. Additionally, we employed a novel approach, based on a simple model, to quantify the relative contributions of sexual and offspring viability selection to the overall selection observed in males. We found them to be similar in magnitude; however, only the offspring viability component was statistically significant. In summary, we found no support for the hypothesis that selection on males in general, and sexual selection in particular, contributes to the evolutionary maintenance of sex.
Data from: Sex-specific selection on plant architecture through 'budget' and 'direct' effects in experimental populations of a wind-pollinated herb
Sexual selection may contribute to the evolution of plant sexual dimorphism by favoring architecture traits that improve pollen dispersal to mates in males. In both sexes, larger individuals may be favored if large size allows the allocation of more resources to gamete production (a 'budget' effect of size). In wind-pollinated plants, large size may also benefit males if it allows them to liberate pollen from greater heights, fostering its dispersal (a 'direct' effect of size). To assess these effects and their implications for trait selection, we measured selection gradients on plant morphology in both males and females, as well as pollen production and dispersal in males, of the wind-pollinated dioecious herb Mercurialis annua. In two separate experimental common gardens established at different densities, selection strongly favored plants dispersing their pollen further. Selection for pollen production was observed in the high-density garden only and was weak. In addition, male morphologies associated with increased mean pollen dispersal differed between the two gardens as elongated branches were favored in the high-density garden while shorter plants with longer peduncles bearing inflorescences were advantaged the low-density garden. Larger females were selected in both gardens. Our results point to the importance of selection on male traits that affect pollen dispersal, and to a lesser extent pollen production.
Data from: Sex-specific selection under environmental stress in seed beetles
Sexual selection can increase rates of adaptation by imposing stronger selection in males, thereby allowing efficient purging of the mutation load on population fitness at a low demographic cost. Indeed, sexual selection tends to be male-biased throughout the animal kingdom, but little empirical work has explored the ecological sensitivity of this sex difference. In this study, we generated theoretical predictions of sex-specific strengths of selection, environmental sensitivities and genotype-by-environment interactions, and tested them in seed beetles by manipulating either larval host plant or rearing temperature. Using fourteen isofemale lines, we measured sex-specific reductions in fitness components, genotype-by-environment interactions, and strength of selection (variance in fitness) in the juvenile and adult stage. As predicted, variance in fitness increased with stress, was consistently greater in males than females for adult reproductive success (implying strong sexual selection), but was similar in the sexes in terms of juvenile survival across all stress-levels. While genetic variance in fitness increased in magnitude under severe stress, heritability decreased, and particularly so in males. Moreover, genotype-by-environment interactions for fitness were common but specific to the type of stress and each sex and life stage, suggesting that new environments may change the relative alignment and strength of selection in males and females. Our study thus exemplifies how environmental stress can influence the relative forces of natural and sexual selection, as well as concomitant changes in genetic variance in fitness, which are predicted to have consequences for rates of adaptation in sexual populations.
Data from: Asymmetric evolutionary responses to sex-specific selection in a hermaphrodite
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Data from: Sex-specific selection under environmental stress in seed beetles
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Data from: Do males pay for sex? Sex-specific selection coefficients suggest not
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