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12 results for “Shape of Europe”
Dataset on Article: River ecological status is shaped by agricultural land use intensity across Europe: Establishing a typology of farming-driven freshwater impacts
<p>This repository contains raw data from the article "River ecological status is shaped by agricultural land use intensity across Europe: Establishing a typology of farming-driven freshwater impacts" which is currently under review.</p> <p>It contains data to allocate the pressures (<strong>Data_pressure_allocation.csv</strong>) and calculate the Pressure Index (<strong>Data_pressure_index.csv</strong>) for Table 1, and for the Spearman correlations for Figure 2 (<strong>Data_Spearman_correlations.csv</strong>).</p> <p> </p> <p>Also available is the Shapefile used for the different agricultural maps (Figure 1 and Figure S1-S4):</p> <p><strong>Shapefile Schürings_et_al._2023</strong> (Coordinate system: ETRS 1989 UTM Zone 32N)</p> <p><strong>Attribute description</strong></p> <p>Id - Identifier of polygons</p> <p>gridcode - Code of agricultural archetypes of Levers et al., (2018)</p> <p>M_ZHYD: Unique identifier of corresponding FEC</p> <p>mars_bt12: River types</p> <p>eco_stat_2: Ecological status</p> <p>Biogeoregi: Biogeographical Regions - AN = Northern and Highland, Temp = Temperate, Mediterranean = Mediterranean</p> <p>Cum_pressu: Agricultural pressure index</p> <p>Nitrogen: Agricultural nitrogen pressure</p> <p>Pesticides: Agricultural pesticide pressure</p> <p>Hydromorph: Agricultural hydromorphological pressure</p> <p>Water_abst: Agricultural water abstraction</p>
In the Shape of Europe Through the Islamic Lens: Circulation and Use of Turko-Mongol Textiles in Christian Context (ISETIL)
<p>5<sup>th</sup> Project Presentation</p>
Data from: "Distance decay effects predominantly shape spider but not carabid community composition in crop fields in north-western Europe"
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Stay in shape: assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe
<p>Climate change may force organisms to adapt genetically or plastically to new environmental conditions. Invasive species show a remarkable potential for rapid adaptation. The ovoviviparous New Zealand mud snail (NZMS), <em>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</em>, has successfully established across Europe with two clonally reproducing mitochondrial lineages since its arrival in the first half of the 19th century. Its remarkable variation in shell morphology was shown to be fitness relevant. We investigated the effects of temperature on shell morphology across eleven populations from Germany and the Iberian Peninsula in a common garden across three temperatures. We analysed size and shape using geometric morphometrics. For both, we compared reaction norms and estimated heritabilities. For size, the interaction of temperature and haplotype explained about 50% of the total variance. We also observed more genotype by environment interactions indicating a higher degree of population differentiation than in shape. Across the three temperatures, size followed the expectations of the temperature-size rule, with individuals growing larger in cold environments. Changes in shape may have compensated changes in size affecting space for brooding embryos. Heritability estimates were relatively high. As indicated by the very low coefficients of variation for clonal repeatability (<em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>), they can probably not be compared in absolute terms. However, they showed some sensitivity to temperature, in haplotype t more so than in z, which was only found in Portugal. The low <em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>-values indicate that genetic variation among European populations is still restricted with low potential to react to selection. A considerable fraction of the genetic variation was due to differences between the clonal lineages. The NZMS has apparently not been long enough in Europe to accumulate significant genetic variation relevant for morphological adaptation. As temperature is obviously not the sole factor influencing shell morphology, their interaction will probably not be a factor limiting population persistence under a warming climate in Europe.</p>
Complex patterns shape immune genes diversity during invasion of common raccoon in Europe – selection in action despite genetic drift
<p>Rapid adaptation is common in invasive populations and is crucial to their long-term success. The primary target of selection in the invasive species' new range is standing genetic variation. Therefore, genetic drift and natural selection acting on existing variation are key evolutionary processes through which invaders will evolve over a short timescale. In this study, we used the case of the raccoon <em>Procyon</em> <em>lotor</em> invasion in Europe to identify the forces shaping the diversity of immune genes during invasion. The genes involved in the defence against infection should be under intense selection pressure in the invasive range where novel pathogens are expected to occur. To disentangle the selective and demographic processes shaping the adaptive immune diversity of its invasive and expanding populations, we have developed species-specific SNP markers located in the coding regions of targeted immune-related genes. We characterised the genetic diversity of 110 functionally important immune genes in two invasive and one native raccoon genetic clusters, each presenting a different demographic history. Despite the strong effect of demographic processes in the invasive clusters, we detected a subset of genes exhibiting the diversity pattern suggestive of selection. The most likely process shaping the variation in those genes was balancing selection. The selected genes belong to toll-like receptors and cytokine-related genes. Our results suggest that the prevalence of selection depends on the level of diversity, i.e. – less genetically diverse invasive population from Czech Republic displayed fewer signs of selection. Our results highlight the role of standing genetic variation in adapting to a new environment. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms behind invasion success would enable predicting how populations may respond to environmental change.</p>
Data from: Numerical top-down effects on red deer (Cervus elaphus) are mainly shaped by humans rather than large carnivores across Europe
<p>Terrestrial ecosystems are shaped by interacting top-down and bottom-up processes, with the magnitude of top-down control by large carnivores largely depending on environmental productivity. While carnivore-induced numerical effects on ungulate prey populations have been demonstrated in large, relatively undisturbed ecosystems, whether large carnivores can play a similar role in more human-dominated systems is a clear knowledge gap. As humans influence both predator and prey in a variety of ways, the ecological impacts of large carnivores can be largely modified. We quantified the interactive effects of human activities and large carnivore presence on red deer (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>) population density and how their impacts interacted and varied with environmental productivity</p> <p>Data on red deer density were collected based on a literature survey encompassing 492 study sites across 28 European countries. Variation in density across study sites was analysed using a generalised additive model in which productivity, carnivore presence (grey wolf, European lynx, Brown bear), human activities (hunting, intensity of human land-use activity), site protection status and climatic variables served as predictors. </p> <p>The results showed that a reduction in deer density only occurred when wolf, lynx and bear co-occurred within the same site. In the absence of large carnivores, red deer density varied along a productivity gradient without a clear pattern. Although a linear relationship with productivity in the presence of all three large carnivore species was found, this was not statistically significant. Moreover, hunting by humans had a stronger effect than the presence of all large carnivores in reducing red deer density and red deer density increased with increasing intensity of human land-use, with stronger large carnivore effects (all three carnivore species present) at sites with low human land-use activities. </p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: This study provides evidence for the dominant role played by humans (i.e. hunting, land-use activities) relative to large carnivores in reducing red deer density across European human-dominated landscapes. These findings suggest that when we would like large carnivores to exert numeric effects, we should focus on minimizing human impacts to allow the ecological impacts of large carnivores on ecosystem functioning.</p>
Data from: Numerical top-down effects on red deer (Cervus elaphus) are mainly shaped by humans rather than large carnivores across Europe
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Complex patterns shape immune genes diversity during invasion of common raccoon in Europe – selection in action despite genetic drift
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Stay in shape: assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe
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Demographic history has shaped the strongly differentiated corkwing wrasse populations in Northern Europe
<p>Understanding the biological processes involved in genetic differentiation and divergence between populations within species is a pivotal aim in evolutionary biology. One particular phenomenon that requires clarification is the maintenance of genetic barriers despite the high potential for gene flow in the marine environment. Such patterns have been attributed to limited dispersal or local adaptation, and to a lesser extent to the demographic history of the species. The corkwing wrasse (<i>Symphodus melops</i>) is an example of a marine fish species where regions of particular strong divergence are observed. One such genetic break occurred at a surprisingly small spatial scale (<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> ~0.1), over a short coastline (<60 km) in the North Sea-Skagerrak transition area in southwestern Norway. Here, we investigate the observed divergence and purported reproductive isolation using genome resequencing. Our results suggest that historical events during the post-glacial recolonization route can explain the present population structure of the corkwing wrasse in the northeast Atlantic. While the divergence across the break is strong, we detected ongoing gene flow between populations over the break suggesting recent contact or negative selection against hybrids. Moreover, we found few outlier loci and no clear genomic regions potentially being under selection. We concluded that neutral processes and random genetic drift e.g., due to founder events during colonization have shaped the population structure in this species in Northern Europe. Our findings underline the need to take into account the demographic process in studies of divergence processes.</p>
Data from: Agriculture shapes the trophic niche of a bat preying on multiple pest arthropods across Europe: evidence from DNA metabarcoding
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Demographic history has shaped the strongly differentiated corkwing wrasse populations in Northern Europe
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