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30 results for “Shrub growth”
Data from: Radial stem growth of the clonal shrub Alnus alnobetula at treeline is constrained by summer temperature and winter desiccation and differs in carbon allocation strategy compared to co-occurring Pinus cembra
<p><strong>Data are documented in the following article:</strong></p> <p>Oberhuber W., G Wieser, F. Bernich, A. Gruber (2022) Radial stem growth of the clonal shrub <em>Alnus alnobetula</em> at treeline is constrained by summer temperature and winter desiccation and differs in carbon allocation strategy compared to co-occurring <em>Pinus cembra</em>. Forests 2022, 13, 440. doi: 10.3390/f13030440.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Summary:</strong></p> <p>Global change is affecting species areal distribution in many regions. A better understanding of how land-use change and climate warming affects shrub growth is essential for improved predictions of forest dynamics at the alpine treeline. Evaluation of radial stem growth of the clonal shrub <em>Alnus alnobetula</em> (= <em>Alnus viridis</em>) and the co-occurring tree species Swiss stone pine (<em>Pinus cembra</em>) within an alpine treeline ecotone revealed that mean ring width of nitrogen fixing <em>A. alnobetula</em> was about four times lower compared to <em>P. cembra</em>. Our findings are based on ring width data from <em>A. alnobetula</em> and <em>P. cembra</em> stems sampled at the alpine treeline ecotone on Mt. Patscherkofel (47°12’N, 11°27’E, Central European Alps, Austria, elevation range 2050 to 2190 m asl). Ring width time series include 86 radii from 51 stems of <em>A. alnobetula</em> (stems had mean age of 18±7 yrs) and 24 radii from 16 stems of <em>P. cembra </em>(18±4 yrs). We explain our findings by different carbon allocation strategies, i.e., preference of “vertical” stem growth in late successional <em>P. cembra</em> vs. favoring “horizontal” spread in the pioneer shrub<em> A. alnobetula.</em> By favouring clonal propagation over individual stem growth <em>A. alnobetula</em> is able to quickly spread at the alpine treeline ecotone.</p>
Dataset of polygons with the contour of 900 juniper shrubs used to track shrub growth from 1977 to 2020 in Sierra Nevada (Spain) using very high resolution aerial and satellite RGB images.
<p><strong>This database provides as polygons the contours of 900 juniper shrubs (<em>Juniperus communis L.</em> and <em>Juniperus sabina L.</em>) along 5 decades (years 1977, 1984, 2001, 2010 and 2020). The contour of each of 900 shrubs manually mapped using the Google Satellite composite for the year 2020) was tracked back in time using orthophotos provided by REDIAM. Contours were obtained by manual annotation as polygon shapefiles in QGIS 3.10.3. Additionally, for the year 2020, the polygons were characterized with five attributes that gather ecological information: Morphotype (Hemispherical, Striped, Senescent, With rock), Presence of surrounding vegetation (Bare Soil, Surrounding Vegetation), Presence of nearby human land-uses (Surrounded by human facilities within 250 meters, Non-anthropized environment) Health status (as percentage of canopy cover with brown foliage: values between 0-5, where 0 corresponds to 100% photosynthetically active cover, decreasing the photosynthetically active cover until category 5 which corresponds to 100% damaged cover), and the subjective annotation certainty of the GIS technician (values between 0-5, where the value 0 corresponds to a very uncertain annotation up to the value 5 which corresponds to a fairly certain annotation). </strong></p>
Effects of nurse shrubs and biochar on planted conifer seedling survival and growth in a high-severity burn patch in New Mexico, USA
<p>The synergistic effects of widespread high-severity wildfire and anthropogenic climate change are driving large-scale vegetation conversion. In the southwestern United States, areas that were once dominated by conifer forests are now shrub- or grasslands after high-severity wildfire, an ecosystem conversion that could be permanent without human intervention. Yet, the reforestation of these landscapes is rarely successful, with a mean planted seedling survival of just 25 %. Given these low rates, we carried out a planting experiment to quantify the impacts of biochar as a soil amendment and shrubs as nurse plants on planted conifer seedling survival and growth following high-severity wildfire. We planted 1200 seedlings of three species (<em>Pinus</em> <em>ponderosa</em>, <em>P. strobiformis</em>, and <em>Pseudotsuga</em> <em>menziesii</em>) in a 2-ha area within the footprint of the Las Conchas fire in New Mexico, USA. We used four treatments: under shrubs, or in the open and with or without biochar in a full-factorial design. We found that planting tree seedlings underneath shrubs increased tree seedling survival by 46 % after 3 years, with some marginal evidence that shrubs inhibited seedling diameter growth (mean <em>R<sup>2</sup></em> = 0.08). The addition of biochar increased seedling survival by 11 % but had no effect on seedling growth. Our study suggests that planted seedling survival in post-wildfire areas can be increased by planting under shrubs in soil amended with biochar. The widespread adoption of these methods may improve the success rates of post-wildfire reforestation efforts in semi-arid areas, regaining some of the ecosystem services lost to high-severity wildfire.</p>
Effects of nurse shrubs and biochar on planted conifer seedling survival and growth in a high-severity burn patch in New Mexico, USA
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Shrub Growth, NPP, and Nitrogen Assimilation for Two Years in an Alberta Peatland Subjected to Increasing Nitrogen Deposition, 2014-2015
Development of the oil sands has led to increasing atmospheric N deposition, with values as high as 17 kg N ha-1 yr-1; regional background levels <2 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Bogs, being ombrotrophic, may be especially susceptible to increasing N deposition. To examine responses to N deposition, over five years, we experimentally applied N (as NH4NO3) to a bog near Mariana Lakes, Alberta, at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 kg N ha-1 yr-1, plus controls (no water or N addition). In July of each year, we collected new growth of the three shrub species, returned them to the lab, and analyzed them. Non-destructive measurement of aboveground NPP for the three dominant shrub species, Andromeda polifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata, and Rhododendron groenlandicum was based on allometric equations developed. Results for species were varied, however, water addition alone had no significant effect on NPP for any of the species or for the dominant shrubs combined in either 2014 or 2015 (p >= 0.47). The mass of newly produced shoot segments for Chamaedaphne calyculata, Andromeda polifolia, Rhododendron groenlandicum, and these three dominant shrubs combined all increased with increasing N input. As N input increased, the number of newly produced shoots (vegetative buds m-2) increased linearly for A. polifolia and the three shrub species combined. The number of newly produced shoots increased up to 16.6 ± 2.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and then decreased for C. calyculata and was unaffected for R. groenlandicum. Shrub growth response to increased N could lead to a shading out of the underlayer of mosses changing the bog and potentially compromising its structure and function.
Growth data was collected on one deciduous shrub species on Arctic LTER experimental plots in moist acidic tussock and dry heath tundra 2004, Toolik Field Station, Alaska.
Weekly growth of plant species of three growth forms were measured in the ninth year of a long-term experiment at Toolik Field Station. The experimental treatments excluded small and large mammalian herbivores and increased soil nutrients in two arctic Alaskan tundra communities: moist acidic tussock and dry heath. This data set reports the deciduous dwarf shrub species. Please see 2004lggrgram for the tussock-forming and rhizomatous graminoid species growth data.
Data from: Climate synchronises shrub growth across a high-arctic archipelago: contrasting implications of summer and winter warming
<p>Climate change is most pronounced at high latitudes, where plant and animal populations are often strongly influenced by environmental fluctuations related to climate and weather. Environmental conditions can co-fluctuate over large distances and thereby synchronise primary production in space. However, large-scale studies of such spatiotemporal patterns remain rare in the Arctic, where short time-series and poor spatial replication have characterised the data available on both biotic and abiotic parameters. Here, we use dendrochronological tools to measure ring growth of a dominant dwarf shrub, the polar willow (<i>Salix polaris</i> Wahlenb.), previously found to reliably trace community-level vascular plant biomass production. We investigated climate drivers of vegetation growth and their role in the synchronisation of primary production across the rapidly warming archipelago of Svalbard (n = 8 sites, composed of 17 sub-sites, 0.06-293 km apart). We found contrasting effects of summer versus winter weather on ring growth and its spatial synchrony. Although an overall positive effect of summer temperature caused spatially synchronous growth, negative impacts of winter rain-on-snow events occurred only locally, potentially counteracting such synchrony. However, the anticipated increase in both summer temperature and spatial extent of rain-on-snow events, causing basal ice encapsulation of the vegetation, could change the relative importance of seasons for spatiotemporal dynamics of shrub growth. Because these shrub ring growth chronologies reflect annual fluctuations in total vascular plant biomass, fuelling the bottom-up controlled food-web, these results have large implications for our understanding of how climate change shapes tundra ecosystem productivity in time and space.</p>
Dataset from the project entitled HimFunDiff. Related to research article: Global warming alters Himalayan alpine shrub growth dynamics and climate sensitivity.
<p>We examined a total of 9 populations of Rhododendron anthopogon, which were located between 3200 m and 4200 m above sea level (asl). These populations were distributed across three geographically distant transects, with each transect consisting of three sites (along an elevation gradient). The transects are referred to as northern, intermediate, and southern, while the sites at each transect are categorized as low, mid, and high (as depicted in Thakur et al 2024). The northern transect exhibited colder temperatures and lower rainfall compared to the other two transects. On the other hand, the two remaining transects had relatively similar temperatures, but the southernmost transect received higher levels of precipitation. The mean annual temperature of these populations ranged from 2 °C to 5 °C from 2021 through 2022, while volumetric soil moisture levels varied from 0.198 to 0.377 based on onsite measurements using TMS4 dataloggers (Wild et al., 2019).</p> <p>We collected a total of 81 wood disc samples, with 9 samples obtained from each of the 9 sites studied (9 populations × 9 discs). The samples were collected by cutting a single piece from the thickest stem segment, approximately 5 cm in length, from 81 different mature and healthy individuals. Within each site, the 9 samples were obtained from three separate plots (three samples per plot), each covering an area of approximately 100 m2. The selection criteria for these plots included: (1) the presence of Rhododendron anthopogon as one of the dominant species; (2) minimal anthropogenic disturbance; and (3) the absence of large shrubs or trees. The sampled individuals within a plot were spaced at least 5 m apart from each other, and the plots themselves were at least 20 m apart. To prevent rapid drying, the cut stem samples were immediately placed in a wet paper towel. Within 48 hours of sampling, the stem samples underwent dehydration by being immersed in 50 % ethanol for the initial 3 days, followed by 70 % ethanol for the subsequent 7 to 10 days. After the ethanol dehydration process, the samples were air-dried for 72 hours and then stored in paper bags until further processing.</p> <p>Plant age and growth data for each of the sampled individuals were obtained following established protocols (Doležal et al., 2018). In the laboratory, we utilized a sledge microtome to cut cross-sections from each stem sample. These cross-sections were then stained with Astra Blue and Safranin and permanently affixed to microscope slides using Canada Balsam (Doležal et al., 2022). High-resolution images of the fixed sections were captured using an Olympus BX53 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP73 camera. The software CellSense Entry 1.9 was employed to analyse the best image obtained from each individual. We measured annual radial growth increments from pith to bark to the nearest micrometre. </p> <p>More details are given in the article entitled </p> <h1>Global warming alters Himalayan alpine shrub growth dynamics and climate sensitivity. <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170252" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170252</a></h1>
Data from: Increased precipitation attenuates shrub encroachment by facilitating herbaceous growth in a Mongolian grassland
<p>Widespread shrub encroachment is profoundly impacting the structures and functions of global drylands, and precipitation change is assumed to be one of the most critical factors affecting this phenomenon. However, there is little evidence to show how precipitation changes will affect the process. In this study, we conducted a 6-year precipitation manipulation experiment (-30%, ambient, +30%, and +50%) to investigate the effects of precipitation changes on the growth of shrubs and herbaceous plants in a shrub-encroached grassland in Inner Mongolia. We found that the increasing precipitation significantly increased the mean height, coverage, and aboveground biomass of herbaceous species, while the growth of shrub species did not exhibit a significant response to precipitation changes. With increasing precipitation, the relative coverage of shrubs decreased, while that of herbs increased. The native dominant herbaceous plant (Leymus chinensis) with more sensitive maximum photosynthetic rate to the precipitation change, showed higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency than those of the encroached shrub species (Caragana microphylla) at high soil moisture contents, reflecting that the ecophysiological characteristics of L. chinensis might provide it a competitive advantage under increased precipitation. Our findings suggest that increasing precipitation may slow down shrub encroachment by facilitating herbaceous growth in Mongolian grasslands, and consequently affect the forage value and carbon budget in these ecosystems. </p>
Data from: Declining temperature and increasing moisture sensitivity of shrub growth in the Low-Arctic erect dwarf-shrub tundra of western Greenland
<p>Evergreen dwarf shrubs respond swiftly to warming in the cool and dry High Arctic, but their response in the warmer Low Arctic, where they are expected to be outcompeted by taller species under future warming, remains to be clarified.</p> <p>Here, 12,528 annual growth increments, covering 122 years (1893-2014), were measured of 764 branches from 25 individuals of the evergreen dwarf shrub <em>Cassiope tetragona </em>from a Low-Arctic erect dwarf-shrub tundra site in western Greenland. In addition, branch initiation and mortality frequency time series were developed. The influence of seasonal climate and correspondence with fluctuations in regional normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a satellite proxy for vegetation productivity, were studied.</p> <p>Summer temperatures were the main driver of growth, while winter temperatures were the main non-summer-climate driver. During past and recent warm episodes, shrub growth diverged from summer temperatures. In recent decades, early summer precipitation has become the main growth-limiting factor for some individuals, likely through micro-topography-determined soil moisture availability, and more than half of the shrubs studied became irresponsive to summer temperatures. There was correspondence between climatic drivers, <em>C. tetragona</em> growth and branch initiation frequency, and satellite-observed vegetation productivity, suggesting the area's shrub-dominated tundra vegetation is limited by similar climatic factors. Winter warming events were likely the predominant cause of branch mortality, while branching increased after years of poor growth and cooler-than-average summers.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis</strong>: These findings show that the erect dwarf-shrub tundra in the Low Arctic has already and will likely become decreasingly temperature- and increasingly moisture-limited and that winter warming supports shrub growth, but increased extreme winter warming event frequency may increase branch mortality and vegetation damage. Such counter-acting mechanisms could offer an explanation for the vegetation stability observed over large parts of the Arctic.</p>
Data from: Climate overrides the influence of microsite conditions on radial growth of the tall multi-stemmed shrub Alnus alnobetula at treeline
<p><strong>Data are documented in the following article:</strong></p> <p>Oberhuber W., A-L. Dobler, T. Heinzle, F. Scandurra, A. Gruber, G. Wieser (2023) Climate overrides the influence of microsite conditions on radial growth of the tall multi-stemmed shrub <em>Alnus alnobetula</em> at treeline. Plants 12, 1708. doi: 10.3390/plants12081708.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Summary:</strong></p> <p>Green alder (<em>Alnus alnobetula</em>), a tall multi-stemmed deciduous shrub characterized by shoots showing arched ascending growth, is widespread at high elevations in the European Central Alps. Its growth form frequently leads to asymmetric radial growth and anomalous growth ring patterns making development of representative ring width series needed for analyzing climate-growth relationships or site-specific growth rates and long-term growth trends quite a challenge. In order to assess the variability among radii of one shoot, among shoots belonging to one individual (=stock) and among individuals, 60 stem discs were sampled at treeline on Mt. Patscherkofel (Tyrol, Austria). Annual increments were measured along 188 radii and analyzed in terms of its variability by applying dendrochronological techniques. Results revealed a high agreement in ring width variation among radii of one shoot, among shoots of one individual and largely among individuals from different sites, which confirms the pronounced limitation of radial stem growth by climate forcing at the alpine treeline. In contrast to this, a high variability in absolute growth rates and long-term growth trends was found among shoots belonging to one individual and among individuals, which we attribute to different microsite conditions and disturbances. These factors also override climate control of radial growth under growth limiting environmental conditions, i.e., the agreement in inter-annual variations of radial growth is directly related to the growth rate. Based on these findings we provide recommendations for the number of samples needed to carry out inter- and intra-annual studies of radial growth in this tall multi-stemmed shrub.</p>
Data from: Increased precipitation attenuates shrub encroachment by facilitating herbaceous growth in a Mongolian grassland
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Climate synchronises shrub growth across a high-arctic archipelago: contrasting implications of summer and winter warming
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Declining temperature and increasing moisture sensitivity of shrub growth in the Low-Arctic erect dwarf-shrub tundra of western Greenland
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Dynamic effects of insect herbivory and climate on tundra shrub growth: roles of browsing and ramet age
1. To predict shrub responses under climate change in tundra, we need to understand how thermal conditions and herbivory contribute to growth. We hypothesise that shrub growth increases with thermal conditions and precipitation, but that this increase is counteracted by insect herbivory, and that these climate-insect herbivory relationships are modified by both browsing and plant age. 2. We use empirical dynamic modelling (EDM) to analyse a 20-year time series on willow (Salix phylicifolia) shoot growth, growing degree days, summer precipitation and herbivory from an experiment at forest-tundra ecotone. The experiment includes manipulations of avian and mammal browsing (fences) and ramet age (pruning to rejuvenate willows). 3. Negative effects of insect herbivory on willow shoot growth were intensified during warmer years, whereas increasing precipitation led to reduced effects. Moreover, the effect of insect herbivores on shoot growth varied with ramet age and vertebrate browsing: Younger ramets generally experienced less negative insect herbivore effects, whereas Ptarmigan browsing was associated with more positive temperature effect on shoot growth, and reindeer browsing with more negative effects of insect herbivory and precipitation. 4. Synthesis. Our findings show that the negative effects of insect herbivory on shoot growth likely intensify under warmer thermal conditions, but that increasing precipitation can counteract these effects. Moreover, changing thermal conditions, precipitation and vertebrate browsers all have predictable, albeit complex and nonlinear, effects on shrub growth, highlighting the importance of long-term experimental data and flexible analytical methods such as EDM for characterizing climate and community interactions in artic systems.
Data from: Divergence of Arctic shrub growth associated with sea ice decline
<p><span>Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) is declining at an accelerating rate with a wide range of ecological consequences. However, determining sea ice effects on tundra vegetation remains a challenge. In this study, we examined the universality or lack thereof in tundra shrub growth responses to changes in SIE and summer climate across the Pan-Arctic, taking advantage of 23 tundra shrub-ring chronologies from 19 widely distributed sites (56⁰-83⁰N). </span></p>
Drought sensitivity of Empetrum nigrum shrub growth at the species' southern lowland distribution range margin
<p>The ongoing warming of the Earth's atmosphere is projected to cause a northward shift of species' distributions, as they track their climatic optimum. In the rapidly warming Arctic, this has already led to an increase of shrubs in tundra ecosystems. While this northern expansion of woody biomass has been studied relatively extensively over the last decade, little research has been devoted to shrub growth responses at the southern margins of Northern Hemisphere shrubs.</p> <p>Here, we studied shoot length growth, its responses to climate over the period 2010-2017, and differences in leaf C and N content of the evergreen dwarf shrub <i>Empetrum nigrum</i>, as well as the vegetation composition and soil parameters at four sites located along a gradient of increasing dune age on the island Spiekeroog, northern Germany. The sites are located in the tri-national UNESCO world heritage site, the Wadden Sea. <i>E. nigrum</i> has a predominantly circum-arctic-boreal distribution and its southern distribution mbargin in European lowlands runs through northern Germany, where it is retreating northwards.</p> <p>We found a negative response to autumn (surface) temperatures and previous summer surface temperatures and/or a positive response to summer precipitation of <i>E. nigrum</i> growth, except at the oldest dune with the strongest <i>E. nigrum</i> dominance. Growth rates and plant species diversity declined with dune age. Our results suggest that <i>E. nigrum</i> growth is drought sensitive at its European southern range margin. We hypothesize that this sensitivity may form the basis for its northward retreat, which is supported by recent observations of <i>E. nigrum</i> dieback in Germany after the extreme drought in 2018 and model projections.</p>
Data from: Simulated caribou browsing limits the effect of nutrient addition on the growth of Betula glandulosa, an expanding shrub species in Eastern Canada
1.Warmer summer temperatures and enhanced soil fertility increase shrub growth in tundra ecosystems, and these factors have likely contributed to shrub expansion at the circumpolar scale over the last decades. Conversely, large herbivores have the potential to counteract the positive impacts of climate change on shrub growth. Indeed, by stripping the leaves, herbivores have the potential to control the growth of shrub species and, consequently, limit their expansion. 2.To disentangle the impacts of climate change and herbivory on Betula glandulosa Michx., we conducted a 5-yr factorial experiment near Deception Bay, Nunavik, Canada, in which we simulated warmer temperatures, increased nitrogen availability and three caribou browsing intensities during the growing season. At the end of the experiment, we harvested the aboveground biomass of B. glandulosa and conducted dendrochronological analyses on stems. 3.Fertilized plots under ambient temperature had 34% greater shrub biomass than plots assigned to the combined treatment of nitrogen addition and warmer temperatures. Browsing intensity had no effect on final biomass. Nitrogen addition increased radial growth (18-33%; 3 years out of 5). Overall, browsing had a cumulative negative impact on B. glandulosa radial growth during the 5-yr experiment. While browsing had no effect in the first year of the experiment, moderate browsing (leaves stripped on 25% of available shoots) decreased radial growth by 27% at year 2, 32% at year 4 and 27% at year 5. Heavy browsing (leaves stripped on 75% of available shoots annually) decreased radial growth by approximately 27% at year 2, 37% at year 3, 50% at year 4 and 48% at year 5. We did not observe significant interactions between browsing, temperature and nitrogen availability. 4.Synthesis. Our results clearly showed that caribou browsing may limit the growth of B. glandulosa, and thus can potentially limit its expansion. Herbivory should thus be considered when predicting tundra vegetation changes in the Arctic, at least in areas with high herbivore densities.
Data from: The effect of shrub cover on conifer water-use patterns, growth, and response to climate change in the southern Sierra Nevada
<p>As wildfire increases in size and severity, large areas of forest are undergoing substantial increases in shrub cover. In forests where water is the limiting resource, the paritioning of soil water between shrubs and trees may determine how shrubs affect tree growth and water-stress. We analyzed hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in the xylem water for two conifer species and two shrub species to assess how shrub cover affects the water-uptake patterns of conifers in the southern Sierra Nevada. Further, we analyzed tree growth and stable carbon isotopes in tree rings to assess how shrub cover affects tree growth, intrinsic water-use efficiency and response to climate change.</p>
FIGURE 2. Sarcolobus cambogensis habitat and growth form. A. riparian habitat, B. shrubby habit, C in Sarcolobus cambogensis (Marsdenieae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae): A new rheophytic shrub from Cambodia
FIGURE 2. Sarcolobus cambogensis habitat and growth form. A. riparian habitat, B. shrubby habit, C. open follicle releasing seeds, and D. orange flowers (photographs: Hyosig Won from type locality)
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