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24 results for “Sialis”
Effects of supplemental feeding on nesting success and physiological metrics in Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis)
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Sialia sialis (Turdidae) - whole organism
Image of Sialia sialis (Turdidae) - whole organism
Data from: Nature versus nurture: Structural equation modeling indicates that parental care does not mitigate consequences of poor environmental conditions in Eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis)
<p>1. How organisms respond to variation in environmental conditions and whether behavioral responses can mitigate negative consequences on growth, condition and other fitness measures are critical to our ability to conserve populations in changing environments. Offspring development is affected by environmental conditions and parental care behavior. When adverse environmental conditions are present, parents may alter behaviors to mitigate the impacts of poor environmental conditions on offspring.</p> <p>2. We determined if parental behavior (provisioning rates, attentiveness, nest temperature) varied in relation to environmental conditions (e.g., food availability, ectoparasites) and if parental behavior mitigated negative consequences of the environment on their offspring in Eastern bluebirds (<i>Sialia sialis</i>).</p> <p>3. We found that offspring on territories with lower food availability had higher hematocrit, and when bird blow flies (<i>Protocalliphora</i> spp.) were present growth rates were reduced. Parents increased provisioning and nest attendance in response to increased food availability but did not alter behavior in response to parasitism by blow flies. While parents altered behavior in response to resource availability, parents were unable to override the direct effects of negative environmental conditions on offspring growth and hematocrit.</p> <p>4. Our work highlights the importance of the environment on offspring development and suggests that parents may not be able to sufficiently alter behavior to ameliorate challenging environmental conditions.</p>
Data from: Nature versus nurture: Structural equation modeling indicates that parental care does not mitigate consequences of poor environmental conditions in Eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis)
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Data from: Relationship between maternal environment and DNA methylation patterns of estrogen receptor alpha in wild Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) nestlings: a pilot study
There is mounting evidence that, across taxa, females breeding in competitive environments tend to allocate more testosterone to their offspring prenatally and these offspring typically have more aggressive and faster-growing phenotypes. To date, no study has determined the mechanisms mediating this maternal effect's influence on offspring phenotype. However, levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene expression are linked to differences in early growth and aggression; thus, maternal hormones may alter gene regulation, perhaps via DNA methylation, of ERα in offspring during prenatal development. We performed a pilot study to examine natural variation in testosterone allocation to offspring through egg yolks in wild Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) in varying breeding densities and percent DNA methylation of CG dinucleotides in the ERα promoter in offspring brain regions associated with growth and behavior. We hypothesized that breeding density would be positively correlated with yolk testosterone, and prenatal exposure to maternal-derived yolk testosterone would be associated with greater offspring growth and decreased ERα promoter methylation. Yolk testosterone concentration was positively correlated with breeding density, nestling growth rate, and percent DNA methylation of one out of five investigated CpG sites (site 3) in the diencephalon ERα promoter, but none in the telencephalon (n = 10). Percent DNA methylation of diencephalon CpG site 3 was positively correlated with growth rate. These data suggest a possible role for epigenetics in mediating the effects of the maternal environment on offspring phenotype. Experimentally examining this mechanism with a larger sample size in future studies may help elucidate a prominent way in which animals respond to their environment. Further, by determining the mechanisms that mediate maternal effects, we can begin to understand the potential for the heritability of these mechanisms and the impact that maternal effects are capable of producing at an evolutionary scale.
FIGURES 7–9 in Revision of the genus Sialis from Oriental China (Megaloptera: Sialidae)
FIGURES 7–9. Genitalia of Sialis elegans sp. nov. 7. Male genitalia, lateral view. 8. Male genitalia, caudal view. 9. Female genitalia, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 14–16 in Revision of the genus Sialis from Oriental China (Megaloptera: Sialidae)
FIGURES 14–16. Genitalia of Sialis sinensis Banks. 14. Male genitalia, lateral view. 15. Male genitalia, ventral view. 16. Female genitalia, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 4–6 in Revision of the genus Sialis from Oriental China (Megaloptera: Sialidae)
FIGURES 4–6. Habitus photos of the Sialis species from Oriental China. 4. S. sinensis Banks. 5. S. versicoloris sp. nov. (Holotype). 6. S. versicoloris sp. nov. (Paratype).
FIGURES 1–3 in Revision of the genus Sialis from Oriental China (Megaloptera: Sialidae)
FIGURES 1–3. Habitus photos of the Sialis species from Oriental China. 1. S. elegans sp. nov. (Paratype). 2. S. jianfengensis Yang, Yang & Hu (Holotype). 3. S. kunmingensis sp. nov. (Holotype).
FIGURES 11–13 in Revision of the genus Sialis from Oriental China (Megaloptera: Sialidae)
FIGURES 11–13. Genitalia of Sialis kunmingensis sp. nov. 11. Male genitalia, lateral view. 12. Male genitalia, caudal view. 13. Male ninth sternite, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 10 in Revision of the genus Sialis from Oriental China (Megaloptera: Sialidae)
FIGURES 10. Female genitalia of Sialis jianfengensis Yang, Yang & Hu, ventral view. Scale line: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 17–20 in Revision of the genus Sialis from Oriental China (Megaloptera: Sialidae)
FIGURES 17–20. Genitalia of Sialis versicoloris sp. nov. 17. Male genitalia, lateral view. 18. Male genitalia, caudal view. 19. Genital plate, lateral view. 20. Female genitalia, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 2–6 in Sialis navasi, a new alderfly species from China (Megaloptera: Sialidae)
FIGURES 2–6. Sialis navasi sp. nov., male. 2. Male head and prothorax, dorsal view; 3. Genitalia, dorsal view; 4. Genitalia, ventral view; 5. Genitalia, lateral view; 6. Genitalia, caudal view. g9: ninth gonocoxite; g11: eleventh gonocoxite; s9: ninth sternum; t9–10: ninth to tenth tergum. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 10–11 in Sialis primitivus sp. nov. (Megaloptera: Sialidae), a remarkable new alderfly species from China
FIGURES 10–11. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., female. 10. Genitalia, lateral view; 11. Genitalia, ventral view. bc: bursa copulatrix; e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; gp: gonapophysis; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 6–9 in Sialis primitivus sp. nov. (Megaloptera: Sialidae), a remarkable new alderfly species from China
FIGURES 6–9. Sialis primitivus sp. nov., male. 6. Genitalia, dorsal view; 7. Genitalia, ventral view; 8. Genitalia, lateral view; 9. Genitalia, caudal view. e: ectoproct; gx: gonocoxite; gst: gonostylus; T: tergite; S: sternite. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 1–5 in Sialis primitivus sp. nov. (Megaloptera: Sialidae), a remarkable new alderfly species from China
FIGURES 1–5. Sialis primitivus sp. nov. 1. Habitus, holotype male; 2. Habitus, paratype female; 3. Head and pronotum, male; 4. Mandibles and labrum, male; 5. Mandibles and labrum, female. Arrow indicates the inner fossa of male mandible. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (Figs. 3–5) and 2.0 mm (Figs. 1–2).
FIGURE 5 in A new species of the alderfly genus Sialis Latreille, 1802 (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from southeastern China
FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of Sialis spp., caudal view. A. S. australis Liu, Hayashi & Yang, 2015; B. S. jezoensis Okamoto, 1910; C. S. jiyuni Liu, Hayashi & Yang, 2015; D. S. kumejimae Okamoto, 1910; E. S. kuwayamai (Hayashi & Suda, 1995). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of the alderfly genus Sialis Latreille, 1802 (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from southeastern China
FIGURE 2. Genitalia of Sialis kouwenkaii sp. nov. A. male, dorsal view; B. male, ventral view; C. male sternum 9, ventral view; D. male, lateral view; E. male, caudal view; F. female, ventral view. e = ectoproct; gp8 = gonapophyses 8; gst9, 11 = gonostylus 9, 11; gx8, 9, 11 = gonocoxites 8, 9, 11; S7, 9 = sternum 7, 9; T9 = tergum 9. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of the alderfly genus Sialis Latreille, 1802 (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from southeastern China
FIGURE 4. Male genitalia of Sialis spp., lateral view. A. S. australis Liu, Hayashi & Yang, 2015; B. S. jezoensis Okamoto, 1910; C. S. jiyuni Liu, Hayashi & Yang, 2015; D. S. kumejimae Okamoto, 1910; E. S. kuwayamai (Hayashi & Suda, 1995). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of the alderfly genus Sialis Latreille, 1802 (Megaloptera: Sialidae) from southeastern China
FIGURE 6. Distribution map of S. kouwenkaii sp. nov. and its closely related species (hollow circle depicts type locality).
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