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111 results for “Sierra (mountain range)”
A collection of fully-annotated soundscape recordings from the southern Sierra Nevada mountain range
<p>This collection contains 100 soundscape recordings of 10 minutes duration, which have been annotated with 10,296 bounding box labels for 21 different bird species from the Western United States. The data were recorded in 2015 in the southern end of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, USA. This collection has been featured as test data in the 2020 BirdCLEF and Kaggle Birdcall Identification competition and can primarily be used for training and evaluation of machine learning algorithms.</p> <p><strong>Data collection</strong></p> <p>The recordings were made in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, two contiguous national parks in the southern Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, USA. The focus of the acoustic study was the high-elevation region of the Parks; specifically, the headwater lake basins above 3,000 km in elevation. The original intent of the study was to monitor seasonal activity of birds and bats at lakes containing trout and lakes without trout, because the cascading impacts of trout on the adjacent terrestrial zone remain poorly understood. Soundscapes were recorded for 24 h continuously at 10 lakes (5 fishless, 5 fish-containing) throughout Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks during June-September 2015. Song Meter SM2+ units (Wildlife Acoustics, USA) powered by custom-made solar panels were used to obviate the need to swap batteries, due to the recording locations being extremely difficult to access. Song Meters continuously recorded mono-channel, 16-bits uncompressed WAVE files at 48 kHz sampling rate. For this collection, recordings were resampled at 32 kHz and converted to FLAC.</p> <p><strong>Sampling and annotation protocol</strong></p> <p>A total of 100 10-minute segments of audio between July 9 and 12, 2015 from morning hours (06:10-09:10 PDT) from all 10 sites were selected at random. Annotators were asked to box every bird call they could recognize, ignoring those that are too faint or unidentifiable. Every sound that could not be confidently assigned an identity was reviewed with 1-2 other experts in bird identification. To minimize observer bias, all identifying information about the location, date and time of the recordings was hidden from the annotator. Raven Pro software was used to annotate the data. Provided labels contain full bird calls that are boxed in time and frequency. In this collection, we use eBird species codes as labels, following the 2021 eBird taxonomy (Clements list). Unidentifiable calls have been marked with “????” and were added as bounding box labels to the ground truth annotations. Parts of this dataset have previously been used in the 2020 BirdCLEF and Kaggle Birdcall Identification competition.</p> <p><strong>Files in this collection</strong></p> <p>Audio recordings can be accessed by downloading and extracting the “soundscape_data.zip” file. Soundscape recording filenames contain a sequential file ID, recording date and timestamp in PDT (UTC-7). As an example, the file “HSN_001_20150708_061805.flac” has sequential ID 001 and was recorded on July 8th 2015 at 06:18:05 PDT. Ground truth annotations are listed in “annotations.csv” where each line specifies the corresponding filename, start and end time in seconds, low and high frequency in Hertz and an eBird species code. These species codes can be assigned to scientific and common name of a species with the “species.csv” file. The approximate recording location with longitude and latitude can be found in the “recording_location.txt” file.</p> <p><strong>Acknowledgements </strong></p> <p>Compiling this extensive dataset was a major undertaking, and we are very thankful to the domain experts who helped to collect and manually annotate the data for this collection (individual contributors in alphabetic order): Anna Calderón, Thomas Hahn, Ruoshi Huang, Angelly Tovar</p>
"The sound comes from a meadow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. The meadow is at an elevation of 2400 meters near a mountain named Olancha Peak, which is 3700 meters in altitude. Ihave a group of friends with which Ibackpack (trek) into the mountains. Our goal was to spend some time in the mountains and hike to the top of Olancha Peak (…) By the time we reached the meadow, we were in a forest and there was still snow on the ground in some places. We took the trip in June of 2006. The Sierra Nevada Mountains are a large mountain range. Much of the range is protected by national parks or preserved areas we call 'wilderness areas' (…) Ihave been backpacking for nearly 40 years and Iwill hopefully continue with this challenging activity for 40 years more! Many of my friends are much younger than Iam and it gives me much satisfaction to be able to have as much or more stamina for this activity than they have! When we are on these trips, we hike up peaks, catch fish, drink some whiskey around campfires and enjoy our time in the beautiful solitude. My memories of this trip were of the steep, hot hike from the desert to the cool meadow; the overall beauty of the nature, the absolute solitude of our campsite near the meadow; the strenuous hike to the top of Olancha Peak; the camaraderie of my friends; and, of course the sound of the frogs in the meadow. The frog sounds were astounding to me and Iwould listen in awe of the creature's instinctual desire to reproduce and continue the existence of their kind. Surely there were different species in the meadow for some of the frog sounds were different than others. The sounds only occurred after the Sun went down for the evening. Istood next to the creek in the meadow and recorded the sounds using my digital camera." [Peter/plentz1960]16 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice
"The sound comes from a meadow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. The meadow is at an elevation of 2400 meters near a mountain named Olancha Peak, which is 3700 meters in altitude. Ihave a group of friends with which Ibackpack (trek) into the mountains. Our goal was to spend some time in the mountains and hike to the top of Olancha Peak (…) By the time we reached the meadow, we were in a forest and there was still snow on the ground in some places. We took the trip in June of 2006. The Sierra Nevada Mountains are a large mountain range. Much of the range is protected by national parks or preserved areas we call 'wilderness areas' (…) Ihave been backpacking for nearly 40 years and Iwill hopefully continue with this challenging activity for 40 years more! Many of my friends are much younger than Iam and it gives me much satisfaction to be able to have as much or more stamina for this activity than they have! When we are on these trips, we hike up peaks, catch fish, drink some whiskey around campfires and enjoy our time in the beautiful solitude. My memories of this trip were of the steep, hot hike from the desert to the cool meadow; the overall beauty of the nature, the absolute solitude of our campsite near the meadow; the strenuous hike to the top of Olancha Peak; the camaraderie of my friends; and, of course the sound of the frogs in the meadow. The frog sounds were astounding to me and Iwould listen in awe of the creature's instinctual desire to reproduce and continue the existence of their kind. Surely there were different species in the meadow for some of the frog sounds were different than others. The sounds only occurred after the Sun went down for the evening. Istood next to the creek in the meadow and recorded the sounds using my digital camera." [Peter/plentz1960]16
FIGURE 1 in Description of a new shrew of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from the Sierra de Aroa, an isolated mountain range in northwestern Venezuela, with remarks on biogeography and conservation
FIGURE 1. External appearance of Cryptotis aroensis. A, lateral view of the holotype (CVULA I–8548), which had a headand-body length of 81mm, and a tail length of 40 mm (Table 1); B, ventral view of the holotype; C, ventral view of the right hindfoot of a paratype (CVULA I–8546), which had a length of 13 mm (Table 1). Photographs by J. Molinari.
FIGURE 2 in Description of a new shrew of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from the Sierra de Aroa, an isolated mountain range in northwestern Venezuela, with remarks on biogeography and conservation
FIGURE 2. From top to bottom, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of crania, and lateral view of mandible of the holotype (CVULA I–8548) of Cryptotis aroensis.
FIGURE 4 in Description of a new shrew of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from the Sierra de Aroa, an isolated mountain range in northwestern Venezuela, with remarks on biogeography and conservation
FIGURE 4. Cloud forest at the type locality of Cryptotis aroensis; left, forest edge viewed from road; right, understory vegetation. Photographed by J. Molinari on March 12, 2011.
FIGURE 5 in Description of a new shrew of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from the Sierra de Aroa, an isolated mountain range in northwestern Venezuela, with remarks on biogeography and conservation
FIGURE 5. Map of Western Venezuela and adjacent Colombia showing collection localities of specimens of small-eared shrews examined in the present study. Areas shaded in gray indicate elevations from 1000 to 2000 m. Areas shaded in green indicate elevations above 2000 m. Species symbols are: Cryptotis aroensis (star), Cryptotis sp. A (inverted triangles), C. meridensis (solid circles), C. tamensis (triangle), and Cryptotis sp. from Sierra de Perijá (solid squares).
FIGURE 3 in Description of a new shrew of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from the Sierra de Aroa, an isolated mountain range in northwestern Venezuela, with remarks on biogeography and conservation
FIGURE 3. Occlusal view of the upper (right) and lower (left) dentitions showing variation in 3 specimens of Cryptotis aroensis. A, views of the holotype (CVULA I–8548); B, views of the paratype CVULA I–8546; C, views of the paratype CVULA I–8547.
Figure 98 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 98 - Trimeresurus flavomaculatus (KU 330049)from mid-elevation, Mt. Cagua, Location 1b. Photo: RMB.
Figure 99 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 99 - Cuora amboinensis amboinensis (ACD 3229, deposited in PNM) from Barangay Binatug (Location 22). Photo: K. M. Hesed.
Figure 94 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 94 - Tropidonophis dendrophiops (KU 330031) from mid-elevation, Mt. Cagua, Location 1b. Photo: RMB.
Figure 97 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 97 - Oxyrhabdium leporinum leporinum(KU 330079)from mid-elevation, Mt. Cagua, Location 1b. Photo: RMB.
Figure 93 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 93 - Rhabdophis spilogaster (KU 327287) from Barangay Dibuluan, San Mariano (Location 23). Photo: K. M. Hesed.
Figure 92 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 92 - Ptyas luzonensis (uncataloged specimen in PNM) from Barangay Dibuluan, San Mariano (Location 31). Photo: ACD.
Figure 91 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 91 - Pseudorhabdion cf. mcnamarae (KU 327193) from Barangay Binatug (Location 22). Photo: ACD.
Figure 89 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 89 - Typical appearanceof Lycodon muelleri (PNM 6592) from Barangay Binatug (Location 22). Photo: ACD.
Figure 87 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 87 - Closeup of Hologerrhum philippinum (KU 33056) illustrating details of head scalation and color, and vibrant yellow ventral coloration. Photo: RMB.
Figure 9 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 9 - The forested edge of the Mt. Cagua volcanic crater with the northern Sierra Madre in the background. Photo: RMB.
Figure 8 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 8 - Mt. Cagua, Cagayan Province, with rice fields on the outskirts of Barangay Magrafil in the foreground. Photo: RMB.
Figure 74 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 74 - Ahaetulla prasina preocularis (specimen not collected) yellow morph from Palanan (Location 35). Photo: MVW.
Figure 7 from: Siler C, Brown R, Oliveros C, Welton L, Rock A, Swab J, Van Weerd M, van Beijnen J, Rodriguez D, Jose E, Diesmos A (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.266.3982
Figure 7 - View south of the northern Sierra Madre (from peak of Mt. Cagua, Municipality of Gonzaga, Cagayan Province). Photo: LJW.
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