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opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

Dataset of processed Sentinel-2 images for chlorophyll-a estimation in high-altitude lakes in the Sierra Nevada, Spain

This dataset contains Sentinel 2 satellite images clipped to 5 high-altitude lakes in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, Spain. The images were processed with the following atmospheric correction algorithms:<ul><li><a href="https://c2rcc.org/">C2RCC</a> (<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ESASP.740E..54B/abstract">Brockmann et al. 2016</a>)</li><li><a href="https://github.com/MarcYin/SIAC">SIAC</a> (<a href=" https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7933-2022">Yin et al. 2022)</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/acolite/acolite/releases/tag/20221114.0">ACOLITE</a> (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.015">Vanhellemont & Ruddick, 2018</a>)</li><li><a href="https://grass.osgeo.org/grass83/manuals/i.atcorr.html">6SV</a> (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/36.581987">Vermote et al. 2006</a>)</li></ul>Included Lakes and and their IDs:<ul><li>Laguna de la Caldera (ID = P-2)</li><li>Laguna-embalse de las Yeguas (ID = D-6)</li><li>Laguna de Río Seco (ID = P-8)</li><li>Laguna Larga (ID = G-7)</li><li>Laguna de la Mosca (ID = G-11)</li></ul>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

Outputs of the WiMMed hydrological model for Sierra Nevada (Spain). Sept2015-Aug2022

Ecosystem  Services related to flood prevention, aquifer recharge and erosion prevention in SIERRA NEVADA (Spain) were quantified through the WiMMed hydrological model (Watershed Integrated Model in Mediterranean Environments; Herrero et al., 2014). WiMMed is a distributed and physically based model that combines hourly and daily meteorological data with soil hydro-physical properties and land use and land cover information to simulate water balance and flow circulation at basin scale (see Herrero et al. (2014) for details). In this study we applied the WiMMed model considering the land use and land cover data for 2020 (according to SIPNA) and the meteorological data from Sept2015 to Aug2022 to evaluate the value of ecosystem services, following the work made by Moreno-Llorca et al. (2020). Specific parameters, expressing the influence of vegetation changes in the hydrological processes of the study area, were considered, namely on evapotranspiration, interception, infiltration, overland flow and soil erodibility. Aquifer recharge (mm/m2/year) was calculated as the total volume of water moving from the soil into the aquifer and becoming groundwater. For that, the model firstly interpolates the precipitation at the cell scale (Herrero et al., 2009), and then calculates rainfall/snowfall partition, reproduces the interception from the vegetation, calculates the snow accumulation and melting (Herrero et al., 2009), and separates surface runoff from infiltration on the ground surface. Vertical and horizontal soil water movement was reproduced by a two-layer soil approach, using Darcy-Buckingham law with Mualem-vanGenuchten parameterization (Muñoz Carpena and Ritter Rodriguez, 2005). Evapotranspiration extract water from soil using a parameterization based on potential evapotranspiration and soil water content (Herrero et al., 2014). Water percolating through the second layer of soil becomes aquifer recharge. Soil erosion prevention (T/ha/year) was calculated by considering the inverse of soil loss by water flow concentration (rill processes) and raindrop impacts (interrill processes). WiMMed uses the variation of different parameters that link soil loss, with changes in vegetation cover and land uses, as described in (Millares et al., 2019). Changes on soil erodibility were estimated from vertical distribution of root biomass, by adapting empirical models (e.g. Gale and Grigal, 1987; Jackson et al., 1996) to Mediterranean environments reported previously (Martinez- Fernandez et al., 1995). From these estimations, distributed soil erodibility was calculated from the empirical model proposed by Flanagan and Livingstone (1995). The calibration and validation of the WiMMed model in Sierra Nevada has been conducted through a series of studies that analysed each hydrological process in the area and designed and corrected each WiMMed module, pertaining to snow (Herrero et al., 2009), soil (Aguilar and Polo, 2011), baseflow (Millares, 2008; Millares et al., 2009), river flow (Pérez-Palazón et al., 2014), or soil loss and sediment transportation (Bergillos et al., 2016; Millares et al., 2020).INPUT DATAThe input data used in the hydrological simulations were:<ul><li>Digital elevation model from national remote sensing program PNOA-LIDAR MDT02 and the topographic features calculated by WiMMed from the DEM: surface drainage system, river delineation, slope, aspect, sky view factor and horizon (sky obstruction in 8 directions).</li><li>Meteorological data from more than 50 weather stations in the area: hourly/daily rainfall (mm), hourly and daily temperature (oC), daily solar radiation (MJ/m2), average daily wind speed (m·s−1), average daily relative humidity (%), average daily barometric pressure (hPa).</li><li>Physico-chemical and hydraulic properties of the soil selected from the available spatial database performed by Rodríguez (2008), in which thematic maps were obtained for Andalusia at a 250-m resolution: hydraulic conductivity (mm·h−1), saturation and residual moisture values (mm·mm−1), air-entry matric potential (mm), retention parameter of the van Genuchten (dimensionless) and soil thickness (mm).</li><li>Land cover and land use information from SIPNA 2020.</li><li>Aquifer regions and information from hydrogeological atlas of Andalusia (ITGE-Junta de Andalucía, 1998; Castillo, 2008).</li></ul>OUTPUT DATAThe results contained in this database are raster files in UTM ETRS89 30S, with a spatial resolution of 30x30 meters, for the whole SIerra Nevada. The raster files are Esri-ASCII ArcGIS (.asc) grids with 3846 columns (X) and 2099 rows (Y). There are different time scales for each variable. The prefix of the file indicates this time scale, namely "Ano" for annual maps, "mes" for monthly maps and "Tot" for the whole simulation. The suffix indicates the variable of interest:<ul><li>Pre: Accumulated precipitation (solid + liquid) in mm</li><li>T_m: Mean temperature in ºC</li><li>P_n: Accumulated snowfall in mm</li><li>ErT: Accumulated total erosion (rill + interrill) in kg/m2</li><li>ET0: Accumulated potential evapotranspiration in mm</li><li>EvC: Accumulated real evaporation from canopy (intercepted precipitation) in mm</li><li>EvN:Accumulated real sublimation from snow in mm</li><li>EvS: Accumulated real evapotranspiration ration from soil in mm</li><li>Exp: Accumulated direct runoff in mm</li><li>Fus: Accumulated snowmelt in mm</li><li>HSol1: Instantaneous soil moisture in surface layer 1 (upper 25 cm) in mm</li><li>HSol2: Instantaneous soil moisture in deep layer 2 in mm</li><li>Inf: Accumulated infiltration from surface into soil in mm</li><li>Per: Accumulated aquifer recharge (from soil to groundwater) in mm</li><li>Qlat: Accumulated lateral flow (horizontal movement of water between cells) in mm</li><li>Tmn: Minimum temperature in ºC</li><li>Tmx: Maximum temperature in ºC</li></ul>There are also some other grid files (Tot_XXX.asc) related to the initial and final conditions of the state variables or internal conditions of the model.ReferencesAguilar, C., Polo, M.J., 2011. Generating reference evapotranspiration surfaces from the Hargreaves equation at watershed scale. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 15, 2495–2508. doi: 10.5194/hess-15-2495-2011.Bergillos, R.J., Rodríguez-Delgado, C., Millares, A., Ortega-Sánchez, M., Losada, M.A., 2016. Impact of river regulation on a Mediterranean delta: assessment of managed versus unmanaged scenarios. Water Resour. Res. 52 (7), 5132–5148.Castillo, A. 2008. Manantiales de Andalucía. Agencia Andaluza del agua, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, 410 pp.Herrero, J., Polo, M.J., Moñino, A., Losada, M.A., 2009. An energy balance snowmelt model in a Mediterranean site. J. Hydrol. 371 (1-4), 98–107.Herrero, J., Millares, A., Aguilar, C., Egüen, M., Losada, M.A., 2014. Coupling spatial and time scales in the hydrological modelling of mediterranean regions: WiMMed, in: CUNY Academic Works. In: Presented at the International Conference on Hydroinformatics, p. 8. ITGE-Junta de Andalucía: Atlas Hidrogeológico de Andalucía. Madrid, 216 pp., ISBN: 84-7840-351-5, available at: http: //aguas.igme.es/igme/publica/libros1 HR/libro110/lib110.htm, last access: 18 March 2012, 1998Millares, A., 2008. Integración del caudal base en un modelo distribuido de cuenca. Estudio de las aportaciones subterráneas en ríos de montaña. University of Granada.Millares, A., Polo, M.J., Losada, M.A., 2009. The hydrological response of baseflow in fractured mountain areas. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 13 (1261–1271), 2009.Millares, A., Díez-Minguito, M., Moñino, A., 2019. Evaluating gullying effects on modeling erosive responses at basin scale. Environ. Modell. Software 111, 61–71. Millares, A., Herrero, J., Bermúdez, M., Leiva, J.F., Cantalejo, M., 2020. Long-term modelling of soil loss and fluvial transport processes in a mountainous semi-arid basin, southern Spain, in: River Flow 2020 - Twentieth International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulic. Delf, Netherlands.Moreno-Llorca, R., Vaz, A. S., Herrero, J., Millares, A., Bonet-García, F. J., & Alcaraz-Segura, D. 2020. Multi-scale evolution of ecosystem services' supply in Sierra Nevada (Spain): An assessment over the last half-century. Ecosystem Services, 46, 101204.Muñoz Carpena, R., Ritter Rodriguez, A., 2005. Hidrología Agroforestal. Mundiprensa.Pérez-Palazón, M. J., Pimentel, R., Herrero, J., & Polo-Gómez, M. J. 2014. Analysis of snow spatial and temporary variability through the study of terrestrial photography in the Trevelez river valley. In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XVI (Vol. 9239, pp. 358-368). SPIE.Rodríguez, J. A. 2008. Sistema de Inferencia Espacial de Propiedades Físico-Químicas e Hidráulicas de los Suelos de Andalucía. Herramienta de Apoyo a la Simulación de Procesos Agro-Hidrológicos a Escala Regional. Informe Final. Empresa Pública Desarrollo Agrario y Pesquero, Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca, Sevilla.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Dataset of very-high-resolution satellite RGB images to train deep learning models to detect and segment high-mountain juniper shrubs in Sierra Nevada (Spain)

This dataset provides annotated very-high-resolution satellite RGB images extracted from Google Earth to train deep learning models to perform instance segmentation of Juniperus communis L. and Juniperus sabina L. shrubs. All images are from the high mountain of Sierra Nevada in Spain. The dataset contains 810 images (.jpg) of size 224x224 pixels. We also provide partitioning of the data into Train (567 images), Test (162 images), and Validation (81 images) subsets. Their annotations are provided in three different .json files following the COCO annotation format.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Dataset of very-high-resolution satellite RGB images to train deep learning models to recognize high-mountain juniper shrubs from Sierra Nevada (Spain)

This dataset provides annotated very-high-resolution satellite RGB images extracted from Google Earth to train deep learning models to recognize Juniperus communis L. and Juniperus sabina L. shrubs.  All images are from the high mountain of Sierra Nevada in Spain. The dataset contains 2000 images (.jpg) of size 512x512 pixels partitioned into two classes: Shrubs and NoShrubs. We also provide partitioning of the data into Train (1800 images), Test (100 images), and Validation (100 images) subsets.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

HeadwaterstreamSNevada: data on riparian vegetation and water parameters of headwater streams in Sierra Nevada, Spain

Providing historical data on riparian plant biodiversity and physico-chemical parameters of stream water in Mediterranean mountains helps to assess the effects of climate change and other human stressors on these sensitive and critical ecosystems. This database collects data from the main natural headwater streams of the Sierra Nevada (southeastern Spain), a high mountain (up to 3,479 meters above sea level, m.a.s.l.) recognized as a biodiversity super hotspot (Arroyo et al., 2022) in the Mediterranean Basin. On this mountain, rivers and landscapes depend on snowmelt water, representing an excellent scenario for evaluating global change's impacts. This dataset covers first- to third-order headwater streams at 41 sites from 832 to 1,997 m.a.s.l., collected from December 2006 to July 2007. Our goal is to supply information on the vegetation associated with streambanks, the essential physico-chemical parameters of stream water, and the physiographic features of the subwatersheds. Riparian vegetation data correspond to six plots sampled at each site, including total canopy, individual number, height and DBH (diameter at breast height) in woody species, and cover percentage for herbs. Physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ (electric conductivity, pH, dissolved O2 concentration, stream discharge) and determined in the laboratory [alkalinity, soluble reactive phosphate-phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-–N), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+–N), total nitrogen (TN)]. Watershed physiographic variables comprise drainage area, minimum altitude, maximum altitude, mean slope, orientation, stream order, stream length, and land cover surface percentage. We recorded 197 plant taxa (67 species, 28 subspecies and 2 hybrids), representing 8.4% of the Sierra Nevada vascular flora. Due to the botanical nomenclature used, the database can be linked to FloraSNevada database (Lorite et al., 2020), contributing to Sierra Nevada (Spain) as a laboratory of global processes. For more information about the data, see the metadata document (Metadata_HeadwaterstreamSNevada.docx).

FIGURE 6 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 6 Gonopods of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Ventral view. B) Lateral anterior view. C) Anterior view. D) Posterior view. Scale bars: all 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 7. Distribution of the Sierra Nevada millipede species and their hypothesized closest relatives. The white star corresponds to Sierra Nevada. Species records have been obtained from (Mauriès 1984-1985, 1990, 2014; Akkari & Enghoff 2012; Attems 1898) and specimens from the collection at MNHN and ZMUC. Scale bar 500 km. A) Localities of: 1 Archipolydesmus maroccanus (Morocco, Tetouan)—the most similar species to Archipolydesmus altibaeticus, and 2— Proteroiulus hispanus, (Morocco, Azrou-Ifra), both corresponding to a Baetico-Riffan track. B) Ommatoiulus ilicis: 3— Grazalema Mountains; 4—Type locality (Banyuls sur mer) and new records in the same region (Saint-Pierre dels Forcats, Sórede, Montbolo), Pyrenees; 5—Saint Béat, Pyrenees; 6—Santa Fe, Sierra del Montseny, Catalan Pre-Coastal Range; corresponding to a Baetico-Pyrenean track. Since the relationships of this complex genus are yet unsolved, we are not including the apparently closest species O. corsicus (Corsica, France). C) Species of Ceratosphys most similar to C. soutadei: 7 and 8— C. nivium. 9—C. guttata. 10—C. vandeli. 11—C. simoni. This distribution pattern corresponds to a Baetico-Pyrenean track. D) Species of Ceratosphys most similar to C. cryodeserti n. sp.: 12—C. maroccana, from Gouffre du Friouato, Taza; 13—C. nodipes from Sierra de Ronda; 14—C. deharvengi from Sierra de las Nieves; 15—C. flammeola from Cazorla Mountains; 16— C. fernandoi from Cueva de Don Fernando, Castril; 17—C. mariacristinae from Monte Toro, Menorca.

FIGURE 4 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 4 Legs of the male of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Tarsus of legs 1 and 2 with their ventral row of setae. Scale bar 0.1 mm. B) Tarsus of leg 3 with the ventral fanners. Scale bar 0.1 mm. C) Body in ventral view, legs from 7 to 13 visible. Scale bar 0.2 mm. D) Body in ventral view, legs from 10 to 13 visible. Scale bar 0.2 mm. E) Leg 7. Scale bar 0.3 mm. F) Leg 10. Scale bar 0.4 mm. G) Leg 11. Scale bar 0.4 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 5 Anatomical details of Ceratosphys Cryodeserti n. sp. A) Paragonopods (leg 9 of male) in anterior view. Scale bar 0.2 mm. B) Paragonopods (leg 9 of male) in ventral view. Scale bar 0.2 mm. C) Pygidium of the male in ventral view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm. D) Right vulva in posterior view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. E) Right and left vulvae in ventral view. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 3 Anatomy details of the male of Ceratosphys cryodeserti n. sp. A) Head in anterior view. Scale bar 0.5 mm. B) Head, collum and second 'segment' in lateral view. Scale bar 0.2 mm. C) Tip of the antenna. Scale bar 0.2 mm. D) First seven 'segments' in dorsal view. Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 1. Pictures taken at the Veleta Glaciar Cirque: A,B) Aspect of the scree where the MSS was sampled. C) Subterranean Sampling Device (SSD) where the trap was placed, inside a hole dug in the scree where the interstices among the rocks are visible D) The place where the SSD is left, once buried and covered with stones to mark its position. E) Ommatoiulus ilicis photographed alive.

FIGURE 2 in Sierra Nevada (Granada, Spain): a high-altitude biogeographical crossroads for millipedes (Diplopoda), with first data on its MSS fauna and description of a new species of the genus Ceratosphys Ribaut, 1920 (Chordeumatida: Opisthocheiridae)

FIGURE 2 Temperature and humidity in the MSS from September 2013 to August 2014. The pale line represents the temperature and the dark line the relative humidity.

FIGURES 10–12. Male terminalia, lateral view. 10 in Aquatic Empididae (Diptera: Hemerodromiinae and Clinocerinae) of the Sierra Nevada, Spain, with the description of five new species

FIGURES 10–12. Male terminalia, lateral view. 10. Wiedemannia horvati Ivković & Sinclair, sp. nov. 11. W. vedranae Ivković & Sinclair, sp. nov. 12. W. vedranae Ivković & Sinclair, sp. nov., clasping cercus, inner view. Abbreviations: cl cerc—clasping cercus, distph—distiphallus. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 4–5. Male habitus images, holotype. 4 in Aquatic Empididae (Diptera: Hemerodromiinae and Clinocerinae) of the Sierra Nevada, Spain, with the description of five new species

FIGURES 4–5. Male habitus images, holotype. 4. Kowarzia nevadensis Sinclair & Ivković, sp. nov., terminalia removed. 5. Wiedemannia darioi Sinclair & Ivković, sp. nov. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 2–3 in Aquatic Empididae (Diptera: Hemerodromiinae and Clinocerinae) of the Sierra Nevada, Spain, with the description of five new species

FIGURES 2–3. Hemerodromia planti Ivković & Sinclair, sp. nov., male terminalia. 2. Lateral view; 3. Cercus, dorsal view. Abbreviations: cerc—cercus, epand—epandrium, hypd—hypandrium, pgt—postgonite, ph—phallus. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Aquatic Empididae (Diptera: Hemerodromiinae and Clinocerinae) of the Sierra Nevada, Spain, with the description of five new species

FIGURE 1. Map of sampling sites of aquatic Empididae recorded from Sierra Nevada, Spain (See Table 1 for explanation of codes).

FIGURES 6–9. Male terminalia, lateral view. 6 in Aquatic Empididae (Diptera: Hemerodromiinae and Clinocerinae) of the Sierra Nevada, Spain, with the description of five new species

FIGURES 6–9. Male terminalia, lateral view. 6. Kowarzia nevadensis Sinclair & Ivković, sp. nov. 7. K. nevadensis Sinclair & Ivković, sp. nov., clasping cercus, inner view 8. Wiedemannia darioi Sinclair & Ivković, sp. nov. 9. W. darioi Sinclair & Ivković, sp. nov., clasping cercus, inner view. Abbreviations: cerc pl—cercal plate, cl cerc—clasping cercus, epand—epandrium, hypd—hypandrium, ph—phallus, sur—surstylus. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

Sentinel-2 derived Chlorophyll-a prediction maps for high-altitude lakes in the Sierra Nevada, Spain

This dataset contains chlorophyll-a (ug/L) predictions for 4 high-altitude lakes in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, Spain. Predictions were made using a simple linear regression model with field sample chlorophyll-a as the dependent variable, and the following Sentinel-2 derived spectral index as the independent variable:B3 - (B4+((B2-B4)*((665-560)/(665-490)))Prediction maps are included as GeoTiffs and NetCDF files. Sentinel-2 data were atmospherically corrected using the following algorithms: <ul><li><a href="https://github.com/acolite/acolite/releases/tag/20221114.0">ACOLITE</a> (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.015">Vanhellemont & Ruddick, 2018</a>)</li><li><a href="https://grass.osgeo.org/grass83/manuals/i.atcorr.html">6SV</a> (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/36.581987">Vermote et al. 2006</a>)</li></ul>Included Lakes and and their IDs:<ul><li>Laguna de la Caldera (ID = P-2)</li><li>Laguna-embalse de las Yeguas (ID = D-6)</li><li>Laguna de Río Seco (ID = P-8)</li><li>Laguna Larga (ID = G-7)</li></ul>