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Fig. 5 in Epidemiological surveillance and amphibian assemblage status at the Estación Experimental de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 5. Healthy skin and fibropapilloma in Pristimantis megalops (A). Cross section of the healthy skin of Pristimantis megalops (B): The epidermis is thin, can be seen pigmented layer and layers of collagen in the dermis. Cross section of Fibropapilloma (C). Detail of fibroblasts forming fibropapilloma (D): the tissue is highly vascularized. Detail of the epidermis and collagen layers covering fibropapilloma (E–F). Histochemical staining in Fibropapilloma (F): The layers of collagen in the dermis can be seen in magenta color. fb: fibroblasts; col: layers of collagen; de: dermis; ep: epidermis; gla: dermal glands; hs: healthy skin; lp: pigmented layer; sm: striated muscle tissue; tu: tumor or fibropapilloma; vt: vascular tissue. Photographs by Edgar Javier Rincón Barón.

Fig. 1 in Epidemiological surveillance and amphibian assemblage status at the Estación Experimental de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 1. Map of the Serrania de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Red square area highlights the Estación Experimental de San Lorenzo to 2,200 meters.

Fig. 3 in Epidemiological surveillance and amphibian assemblage status at the Estación Experimental de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 3. Healthy individuals of Atelopus laetissimus (A) (Bufonidae); Atelopus nahumae (B) (Bufonidae); Pristimantis megalops (C) (Craugastoridae); and Ikakogi tayrona (D) (Centrolenidae). Photographs by Luis Alberto Rueda Solano.

Fig. 4 in Epidemiological surveillance and amphibian assemblage status at the Estación Experimental de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 4. Sick individuals of Ikakogi tayrona (A, B same individual); Pristimantis megalops (C, D), and malformation in Atelopus nahumae (E) and Atelopus laetissimus (F) found in epidemiological surveillance 2008–2014 in La Estación Experimental de San Lorenzo (2,200 meters), Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, North of Colombia. Photographs by Luis Alberto Rueda Solano (A, B, D), Cesar Molina (C); Andres Rocha Usuga (E, F).

Fig. 6 in Epidemiological surveillance and amphibian assemblage status at the Estación Experimental de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 6. Monitoring of Atelopus laetissimus through the years in the Quebrada San Lorenzo Serrania de San Lorenzo, SNSM. Circle = average number obtained from individuals in each year (n = 2 samples for the years 2008, 2013 and 2014) (n = 1 sample for 2009); Error Bars = maximum and minimum individual in each year. Dotted line = trend in the number of individuals over time.

Fig. 2 in Epidemiological surveillance and amphibian assemblage status at the Estación Experimental de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 2. Serrania de San Lorenzo (B) Querbrada San Lorenzo (A) Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Photographs by Luis Alberto Rueda Solano.

Fig. 4 in Insights into the natural history of the endemic Harlequin Toad, Atelopus laetissimus Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo, and Hernández-Camacho, 1994 (Anura: Bufonidae), in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 4. Habitat suitability estimate (upper left panel), minimum convex polygon of extent of occurrence (EEO, upper right panel), and area of occupation (AOO, lower left panel) of Atelopus laetissimus. The total deforested area for the analyzed period and species occurrence locations are provided in red.

Figure 3 in Insights into the natural history of the endemic Harlequin Toad, Atelopus laetissimus Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo, and Hernández-Camacho, 1994 (Anura: Bufonidae), in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Figure 3. Acoustic repertoire of the advertisement call of Atelopus laetissimus. Conventional pulsed call (A), unpulsed short call (B), partially pulsed short call (C), pulsed short call (D), partially pulsed short call before pulsed call (E), and partially pulsed short call within pulsed call (F). The corresponding author will provide tables of raw data for individual specimens on request.

Fig. 2 in Insights into the natural history of the endemic Harlequin Toad, Atelopus laetissimus Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo, and Hernández-Camacho, 1994 (Anura: Bufonidae), in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 2. Temporal variation of the number of recaptures (A) and movement patterns (B) of Atelopus laetissimus.

Fig. 1 in Insights into the natural history of the endemic Harlequin Toad, Atelopus laetissimus Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo, and Hernández-Camacho, 1994 (Anura: Bufonidae), in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 1. (A) Temporal variation of relative abundance (ind/[h × obs]). (B) Population density (m2) per habitat of Atelopus laetissimus. Roman numerals represent the months of the surveys.

Fig. 5 in Insights into the natural history of the endemic Harlequin Toad, Atelopus laetissimus Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-Robayo, and Hernández-Camacho, 1994 (Anura: Bufonidae), in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Fig. 5. Estimated annual habitat loss for Atelopus laetissimus in the last decade in the potential distribution (A), area of occurrence (AOO, B), and extent of occurrence (EOO, C).

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: A new species of the catfish genus Cordylancistrus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "A new species of the catfish genus Cordylancistrus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/0351a42c-4cf5-412b-b229-3708f32cbb85">https://bionomia.net/dataset/0351a42c-4cf5-412b-b229-3708f32cbb85</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/0351a42c-4cf5-412b-b229-3708f32cbb85">https://gbif.org/dataset/0351a42c-4cf5-412b-b229-3708f32cbb85</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Data from: Abundance models of endemic birds of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern South America, suggest small population sizes and dependence on montane elevations

Abundance measures are almost non-existent for several bird species threatened with extinction, particularly range-restricted Neotropical taxa, for which estimating population sizes can be challenging. Here we use data collected over nine years to explore the abundance of 11 endemic birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), one of Earth's most irreplaceable ecosystems. We established 99 transects in the "Cuchilla de San Lorenzo" Important Bird Area within native forest, early successional vegetation, and areas of transformed vegetation by human activities. A total of 763 bird counts were carried out covering the entire elevation range in the study area (~175–2650 m). We applied hierarchical distance-sampling models to assess elevation- and habitat-related variation in local abundance and obtain values of population density and total and effective population size. Most species were more abundant in the montane elevational range (1800–2650 m). Habitat-related differences in abundance were only detected for five species, which were more numerous in either early succession, secondary forest, or transformed areas. Inferences of effective population size indicated that at least four endemics likely maintain populations no larger than 15,000–20,000 mature individuals. Estimates of species' area of occupancy and effective population size were lower than most values previously described, a possible consequence of increasing anthropogenic threats. At least four of the endemics exceeded criteria for threatened species listing and a thorough evaluation of their extinction risk should be conducted. Population strongholds for most of the study species were located on the northern and western slopes of the SNSM between 1500–2700 m. We highlight the urgent need for facilitating effective protection of native vegetation in premontane and montane ecosystems to safeguard critical habitats for the SNSM's endemic avifauna. Follow-up studies collecting abundance data across the SNSM are needed to obtain precise range-wide density estimations for all species.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta frog locality data

Climate change and habitat loss or fragmentation are two major threats to biodiversity. Montane amphibians are particularly sensitive to these threats. Colombia, a megadiverse country, is home to the world's second largest number of amphibians. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), an isolated mountain range, houses 48 amphibian species of which 17 are endemic. We aimed to address climate vulnerability of the amphibian community in the SNSM and prioritize amphibian species at risk and conservation actions. We conducted three visual encounter surveys from, 800 – 3,600 m, during September 2017 – July 2018. In order to assess species vulnerability, we completed two independent spatial analyses. First, we calculated the Area of Habitat of each species, defined as habitat available to a species. Area of Habitat was refined (from the original IUCN EOO maps) for the majority of amphibian species, averaging a reduction in available suitable habitat by 71%. We then examined the breadth of climatic space occupied by 16 species and how this space is predicted to shift under predicted climate scenarios (RCP scenarios 4.5 and 8.5) for 2050. Our analysis reveals a large reduction in climatic space under both 2050 RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. We combined these two analyses with trait data related to adaptive capacity, obtained from previous research, to create a combined (correlative-trait) climate change vulnerability assessment (CCVA) for 19 focal species (16 endemic). Our vulnerability assessment identified eight high priority species, including all three Atelopus spp and five within the Pristimantis complex. Given its isolation, the SNSM and endemic species are particularly susceptible to changing climates. The information provided from the CCVA offers a platform to develop regional strategies for climate change adaptation and conservation.

publicFeb 2024View details →

Data from: Abundance models of endemic birds of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern South America, suggest small population sizes and dependence on montane elevations

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publicDec 2022View details →

Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta frog locality data

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FIGURE 7 in The genus Micandra Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) in Colombia, with the description of a new species from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta

FIGURE 7. Distributional maps of Colombian Micandra. A: Distribution of M. stephanieae (square); M. dignota (triangle); M. aegides (circle). B: Distribution of M. platyptera (circle); M comae (triangle); M. ion (square); M. extrema (asterisk).

FIGURE 6. A, M in The genus Micandra Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) in Colombia, with the description of a new species from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta

FIGURE 6. A, M. aegides genitalia in lateral view; B, M. aegides genitalia in ventral view (penis removed); C, M. aegides detail of distal portion of penis; D, M. stephanieae (Paratype) genitalia in lateral view; E, M. stephanieae (paratype) genitalia in ventral view (penis removed); F, M. stephanieae detail of distal portion of penis (Paratype); G, M. dignota genitalia in lateral view (arrow points to valvae ventral keel); H, M. dignota genitalia in ventral view (penis removed); I, M. dignota detail of distal portion of penis (arrow points to a dorsal process).

FIGURE 1 in The genus Micandra Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) in Colombia, with the description of a new species from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta

FIGURE 1. Adults of Micandra. A, Micandra platyptera 3; B, Micandra platyptera Ƥ; C, Micandra comae 3; D, Micandra comae Ƥ; E, Micandra extrema 3; F, Micandra ion 3.

FIGURE 5 in The genus Micandra Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae) in Colombia, with the description of a new species from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta

FIGURE 5. Detail of the forewing vein 2A basis in males, arrow points to a cluster of androconial scales in M. stephanieae. A, M. dignota; B, M. stephanieae (holotype); C, M. aegides.