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Fig. 7. A. Simocyon batalleri, MSB 24933 in Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus

Fig. 7. A. Simocyon batalleri, MSB 24933, Sabadell, Barcelona province, Spain, right maxilla with P4–M2 in occlusal view. B. Simocyon primigenius, MNHN−PIK 3017, Pikermi, Greece, fragmentary left mandible with p4–m1 in lingual (B1), lateral (B2), and dorsal (B3) views.

Fig. 2. Simocyon batalleri, MNCN B−3458 in Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus

Fig. 2. Simocyon batalleri, MNCN B−3458, Batallones−1, Madrid Province, Spain, cranium in dorsal view. A. Photo. B. Schematic drawing showing the main anatomical features of this view (artwork by M. Antón).

Fig. 4 in Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus

Fig. 4. Simocyon batalleri, Batallones−1, Madrid Province, Spain. A. MNCN B−386, right upper canine in, lingual (A1) and buccal (A2) views. B. MNCN B−4337, right lower canine in lingual (B1) and buccal (B2) views.

Fig. 9 in Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus

Fig. 9. Ratio diagram showing the species of Simocyon. The standard is a mean of the entire sample of Simocyon primigenius, including the material assigned to S. zdanskyi and S. marshi.

Fig. 10. A in Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus

Fig. 10. A. Simocyon batalleri, MNCN BAT−1−D7−7−2001, Batallones−1, Madrid Province, Spain, right hemimandible with p1–m1 in lateral view. B. Simocyon primigenius, MNHN−PIK 3020, Pikermi, Greece, right hemimandible with c, p4, m1 and m2 in lateral view.

Fig. 1 in Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus

Fig. 1. Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929), MNCN B−3620, Batallones−1, Madrid Province, Spain, cranium in ventral view. A. Photograph. B. Schematic drawing showing the main anatomical features of this view (artwork by M. Antón).

Fig.. 3. Simocyon batalleri, MNCN B−3458, Batallones−1, Madrid Province, Spain, cranium in left lateral view. A. Photograph. B. Schematic drawing showing the main anatomical features of this view (artwork by M. Antón). in Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus

Fig.. 3. Simocyon batalleri, MNCN B−3458, Batallones−1, Madrid Province, Spain, cranium in left lateral view. A. Photograph. B. Schematic drawing showing the main anatomical features of this view (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 16 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 16. Distal epiphysis of left ulnae of Simocyon batalleri from batallones-1 (A), Gulo gulo (B) and Potos flavus (C); arrows indicate the distal end of the attachment surface for the pronator quadratus muscle. The bones are illustrated at the same size.

Figure 15 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 15. Cranial view of the distal epiphysis of a humerus of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1, showing the attachment areas of the main flexor muscles of the forearm: p.t., pronator teres; f.c.r., flexor carpi radialis; f.d.s. + f.d.p.cu, common area of flexor digitorum superficialis and condilo-ulnaris branch of the flexor digitorum profundus; f.d.p.c, centralis branch of the flexor digitorum profundus; f.d.p.cr, condilo-radialis branch of the flexor digitorum profundus p.l., palmaris longus; and f.c.u., flexor carpi ulnaris.

Figure 8 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 8. Lateral (top row) and medial (bottom row) views of selected right metacarpals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A and F, B-2248, Mc V; B and G, B/S-218, Mc IV; C and H, B-2526(3), Mc III; D and I, B-1956, Mc II; and E and J, B-3684, Mc I.

Figure 7 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 7. Articulated metapodials of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 in dorsal view: A, right metacarpals; B, left metatarsals.

Figure 5 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 5. Long bones of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–D, B-2390, right humerus in lateral (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and cranial (D) views; E–F, B-438, left ulna in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; and G–H, B-3680, right radius in medial (G) and lateral (H) views.

Figure 19 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 19. Skeletal reconstruction of Simocyon batalleri. The pelvis, femora, tibiae, fibulae, sacrum and caudal vertebrae are not known in the Batallones-1 sample, and have been reconstructed on the basis of Ailurus fulgens (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 6 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 6. Carpals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–B, B-5449, left unciform in dorsal (A) and medial (B) views; C–D, B-1767(2), right magnum in medial (C) and lateral (D) views; E–F, B-5441, left radial sesamoid in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) views; G–H, B-1575, right trapezoid in distal (G) and proximal (H) views; I–J, B-250, right pyramidal in medial (I) and lateral (J) views; K–L, right scapholunar in proximal (K) and distal (L.) views; M–N, B-2264, pisiform in proximal (M) and dorsal (N) views.

Figure 11 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 11. Tarsals of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A–B, B-608, right ectocuneiform in proximal (A) and lateral (B) views; C–D, B/S-405, right cuboid in dorsal (C) and medial (D) views; E–F, B-2497, left calcaneus in medial (E) and plantar (F) views; G–H, B-2496, left navicular in distal (G) and proximal (H) views; I–J, B-2526(8), left mesocuneiform in lateral (I) and medial (J) views; and K–L, B-1061, left astragalus in plantar (K) and dorsal (L.) views.

Figure 1 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 1. Skull (top) and life appearance (bottom) of Simocyon batalleri, based on the fossils from Batallones-1 (artwork by M. Antón).

Figure 2 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1. A–C, B-7038, third cervical vertebra in cranial (A), lateral (B) and dorsal (C) views; D–E, B-2188, fourth cervical vertebra in dorsal (D) and cranial (E) views; F–G, B-1767(1), sixth cervical vertebra in lateral (F) and cranial (G) views; and H–I, B-1676(3), seventh cervical vertebra in cranial (H) and lateral (I) views.

Figure 3. B-429 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 3. B-429, articulated third to sixth lumbar vertebrae of Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1: A, lateral, B, dorsal views.

Figure 18 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 18. Dorsal views of articulated left calcaneus and astragalus of Ailuropoda melanoleuca (A), Ailurus fulgens (B), Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 (C), Gulo gulo (D) and Potos flavus (E).

Figure 17 in Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Late Miocene of Spain

Figure 17. Medial view of the right radius of Simocyon batalleri from batallones-1 (A), Gulo gulo (B) and Potos flavus (C) showing the proximal torsion observed in S. batalleri and P. flavus. The bones are illustrated at the same size.