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18 results for “Skull morphometrics”
Fig. 1 in Macroevolutionary and morphofunctional patterns in theropod skulls: A morphometric approach
Fig. 1. Diversity of skull shapes in theropod dinosaurs. A. Basal theropod Herrerasaurus. B. Coelophysid Syntarsus. C. Generalized spinosaurid. D. Abelisaurid Carnotaurus. E. Allosaurid Allosaurus. F. Ornithomimosaur Ornithomimus. G. Unnamed oviraptorid (originally referred to Oviraptor). H. Dromaeosaurid Velociraptor. I. Basal bird (avialian) Archaeopteryx. Modified from Rauhut (2003).
Fig. 5 in Macroevolutionary and morphofunctional patterns in theropod skulls: A morphometric approach
Fig. 5. Two−dimensional morphospace of the theropod skull shape and CVA plot with distribution of the carnivorous (black triangle), omnivorous (grey squares) and herbivorous (white diamonds) taxa (non−theropod taxa are not shown). A. PC 1 vs. PC 2. B. PC 2 vs. PC 3. In both diagrams herbivorous and omnivorous taxa overlap one another strongly, whereas carnivorous taxa overlap only marginally with herbivorous forms, but moderately with omnivorous forms. C. CVA plot with oviraptorids. D. CVA plot with oviraptorids excluded.
Fig. 3 in Macroevolutionary and morphofunctional patterns in theropod skulls: A morphometric approach
Fig. 3. Two−dimensional morphospace of the theropod skull shape (large data set) with distribution of the different theropod clades, based on the first two PC axes. The most derived taxa with respect to the first two components are visualized with relative warps. Shape changes along PC 1 reflect changes in the length and height of the snout and the anteroposterior dimensions of the lateral temporal fenestra. Changes along PC 2 reflect the height of the postorbital region, the size of the orbit and the position of the jaw joint.
Fig. 2 in Macroevolutionary and morphofunctional patterns in theropod skulls: A morphometric approach
Fig. 2. Position of the landmarks on theropod skulls. A. 20 landmarks used for the large data set plotted on the skull of Ceratosaurus (modified from Sampson and Witmer 2007). B. 15 landmarks used for the small data set plotted on the skull of Anchiornis (modified from Hu et al. 2009). The description of landmark positions is given in the SOM at http://app.pan.pl/ SOM/app58−Foth_Rauhut_SOM.pdf.
Figure 7 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 7. Phenogram computed from the Mahalanobis distances between chromosomal groups for Ctenomys torquatus from Brazil (2n = 40, 44, and 46), C. torquatus from Uruguay (2n = 44u), and Ctenomys pearsoni (2n = 66 and 70). Tree made by using the neighbour-joining method with branch lengths proportional to morphological distances. Scale bar: 4 units.
Figure 4 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 4. Kernel density estimates on principal components (PC) 1 and 2 of shape variables and convex hulls for specimens of Ctenomys torquatus (•) and Ctenomys pearsoni (Δ). Variance percentages are given on the y axis. Dark areas indicate higher density regions.
Figure 6 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 6. Plot of the six chromosomal populations for the first two axes of the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for three integrated views. Ctenomys torquatus, 2n = 40, 44, 44u, and 46; Ctenomys pearsoni, 2n = 66 and 70.
Figure 3 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 3. Box-and-whisker plots showing the distribution of centroid size for the lateral view of the skull of two Ctenomys torquatus and Ctenomys pearsoni specimens, and for each sex. Upper and lower hinges correspond to the first and third quartiles, and whiskers correspond to the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 2 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 2. Ctenomys torquatus skull, with indication of morphological landmarks for the dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views of the cranium. Appendix 2 gives the key to the landmarks. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Data from: The evolution of skull and body shape in Triturus newts reconstructed from 3D morphometric data and phylogeny
To explore the relationship between morphological change and species diversification, we reconstructed the evolutionary changes in skull size, skull shape, and body elongation in a monophyletic group of eight species that make up salamander genus Triturus. Their well-studied phylogenetic relationships and the marked difference in ecological preferences among five species groups makes this genus an excellent model system for the study of morphological evolution. The study involved three-dimensional imagery of the skull and the number of trunk vertebrae, in material that represents the morphological, spatial, and molecular diversity of the genus. Morphological change largely followed the pattern of descent. The reconstruction of ancestral skull shape indicated that morphological change was mostly confined to two episodes, corresponding to the ancestral lineage that all crested newts have in common and the Triturus dobrogicus lineage. When corrected for common descent, evolution of skull shape was correlated to change in skull size. Also, skull size and shape, as well as body shape, as inferred from the number of trunk vertebrae, were correlated, indicating a marked impact of species' ecological preferences on morphological evolution, accompanied by a series of niche shifts, with the most pronounced one in the T. dobrogicus lineage. The presence of phylogenetic signal and correlated evolutionary changes in skull and body shape suggested complex interplay of niche shifts, natural selection, and constraints by a common developmental system
Data from: The evolution of skull and body shape in Triturus newts reconstructed from 3D morphometric data and phylogeny
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Data from: The good, the bad, and the ugly: the influence of skull reconstructions and intraspecific variability in studies of cranial morphometrics in theropods and basal saurischians
Several studies investigating macroevolutionary skull shape variation in fossil reptiles were published recently, often using skull reconstructions taken from the scientific literature. However, this approach could be potentially problematic, because skull reconstructions might differ notably due to incompleteness and/or deformation of the material. Furthermore, the influence of intraspecific variation has usually not been explored in these studies. Both points could influence the results of morphometric analyses by affecting the relative position of species to each other within the morphospace. The aim of the current study is to investigate the variation in morphometric data between skull reconstructions based on the same specimen, and to compare the results to shape variation occurring in skull reconstructions based on different specimens of the same species (intraspecific variation) and skulls of closely related species (intraspecific variation). Based on the current results, shape variation of different skull reconstructions based on the same specimen seems to have generally little influence on the results of a geometric morphometric analysis, although it cannot be excluded that some erroneous reconstructions of poorly preserved specimens might cause problems occasionally. In contrast, for different specimens of the same species the variation is generally higher than between different reconstructions based on the same specimen. For closely related species, at least with similar ecological preferences in respect to the dietary spectrum, the degree of interspecific variation can overlap with that of intraspecific variation, most probably due to similar biomechanical constraints.
Data from: Effects of different segmentation methods on geometric morphometric data collection from primate skulls
1. Increasing numbers of studies are analysing the shapes of objects using geometric morphometrics with tomographic data, which are often segmented and transformed to three-dimensional (3D) surface models before measurement. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different image segmentation methods on geometric morphometric data collection using computed tomography data collected from non-human primate skulls. 2. Three segmentation methods based on a visually-selected threshold, a half-maximum height protocol and a gradient and watershed algorithm were compared. For each method, the efficiency of surface reconstruction, the accuracy of landmark placement and the level of variation in shape and size compared with various levels of biological variation were evaluated. 3. The visual-based method inflated the surface in high-density anatomical regions, whereas the half-maximum height protocol resulted in large numbers of artificial holes and erosion. However, the gradient-based method overcame these issues and generated the most efficient surface model. The segmentation method used had a much smaller effect on shape and size variation than interspecific and inter-individual differences. However, this effect was statistically significant and not negligible when compared with intra-individual (fluctuating asymmetric) variation. 4. Although the gradient-based method is not widely used in geometric morphometric analyses, it may be one of the most appropriate options for reconstructing 3D surfaces. When evaluating small variations, such as fluctuating asymmetry, care should be taken around combining 3D data that were obtained using different segmentation methods.
Figure 5 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 5. Shape differences in the skulls of Ctenomys torquatus and Ctenomys pearsoni: columns correspond to dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, respectively. The first row corresponds to the intersexual patterns of shape variation between male (grey lines) and female (dark lines) specimens. The second row represents interspecific patterns of shape variation between C. torquatus (dark lines) and C. pearsoni (grey lines). The third and fourth rows correspond to intraspecific differences between populations of C. torquatus with 2n = 44 from Brazil (grey lines) and from Uruguay (44u) (dark lines), and populations of C. pearsoni with 2n = 70 (dark lines) and 2n = 66 (grey lines), respectively. The shape differences are amplified ¥ 2.
Figure 1 in Intra- and interspecific skull variation in two sister species of the subterranean rodent genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae): coupling geometric morphometrics and chromosomal polymorphism
Figure 1. Map with sampled populations of Ctenomys torquatus from southern Brazil (1–17) and northern Uruguay (18–20), and for Ctenomys pearsoni (21–23) from southern Uruguay. Detailed information of voucher specimens are listed in Appendix 1, following the map numbering.
Data from: Macroevolutionary and morphofunctional patterns in theropod skulls: a morphometric approach
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: The good, the bad, and the ugly: the influence of skull reconstructions and intraspecific variability in studies of cranial morphometrics in theropods and basal saurischians
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Effects of different segmentation methods on geometric morphometric data collection from primate skulls
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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