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Fig. 4 in New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae)

Fig. 4. Ptilototheca soutpansbergensis gen. et sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, diameter 9.2 mm (NMSA V5567/ T4069). E. Protoconch showing sculpture of punctate spiral lines, Entabeni Forest (paratype, NMSA P0186/T4063). F. SEM of protoconch microsculpture, Thathe Vondo Forest (paratype, NMSA W2080/ T4064). Scale bars: E = 0.5 mm; F = 250 µm.

Fig. 13 in New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae)

Fig. 13. Sheldonia wolkbergensis sp. nov., holotype, diameter 7.7 mm, height 5.2 mm (NMSA P0156/ T4074).

Fig. 1 in New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae)

Fig. 1. Gulella davisae sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, height 6.1 mm, diameter 2.9 mm (NMSA P0418/ T4086). E. Juvenile specimen showing apertural dentition, diameter 2.7 mm (paratype, NMSA P0235/ T4091).

Fig. 3 in New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae)

Fig. 3. Gulella hadroglossa sp. nov. A–E. Holotype, height 3.0 mm, diameter 1.5 mm (NMSA P0230/ T4084). F–G. Juvenile specimen showing apertural dentition, diameter 1.5 mm (paratype, NMSA P0417/T4085).

Fig. 10 in New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae)

Fig. 10. Sheldonia monsmaripi sp. nov., living animals. A–B. Mariepskop Forest Reserve, mist-belt forest, shell diameter 11.6 mm (paratype, NMSA P0276/T4073). C–D. Mariepskop Forest Reserve, summit fynbos, shell diameter 16.3 mm (NMSA P0278).

Fig. 7 in New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae)

Fig. 7. Ptilototheca soutpansbergensis gen. et sp. nov., genitalia. A. Entire genital system. B. Basal portion of penis opened to show penial verge and coarsely papillate preputial region. C. Flagellum and epiphallus. D. Spermatophore. A–C. Paratype, NMSA P0304/T4060. D. Paratype, NMSA W2259/T4067.

Fig. 6 in New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae)

Fig. 6. Ptilototheca soutpansbergensis gen. et sp. nov., radula, holotype (NMSA V5567/T4069). A. Rachidian and left lateral teeth. B. Rachidian and innermost lateral teeth. C. Inner left marginal teeth. D. Outer left marginal teeth. Scale bars: A, C = 50 µm; B, D = 25 µm.

Fig. 15 in New narrow-range endemic land snails from the sky islands of northern South Africa (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae)

Fig. 15. Sheldonia wolkbergensis sp. nov., radula, holotype (NMSA P0156/T4074). A. Rachidian and lateral teeth. B. Rachidian and innermost lateral teeth. C. Inner marginal teeth. D. Outer marginal teeth. Scale bars: A–C = 50 µm; D = 25 µm.

Fig. 7. Potamonautes choloensis Chace, 1953 in Phylogenetics of the freshwater crab (Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838) fauna from 'sky islands' in Mozambique with the description of a new species (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)

Fig. 7. Potamonautes choloensis Chace, 1953 (SAM A46802). A. Left gonopod 1, anterior view. B. Left gonopod 1, posterior view. C. Left gonopod 2, anterior view. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in Phylogenetics of the freshwater crab (Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838) fauna from 'sky islands' in Mozambique with the description of a new species (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)

Fig. 8. Map showing the distribution of all the known and some as yet undescribed freshwater crab species from the 'sky islands' of Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. Two new freshwater species not yet described are listed as undescribed sp. 1 and 2 respectively.

Fig. 5. A in Phylogenetics of the freshwater crab (Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838) fauna from 'sky islands' in Mozambique with the description of a new species (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)

Fig. 5. A. Primary rainforest habitat where Potamonautes licoensis sp. nov. occurs. B. Live colour of P. licoensis sp. nov upon collection. Photographs by J. Bayliss.

Fig. 6. Potamonautes choloensis Chace, 1953 in Phylogenetics of the freshwater crab (Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838) fauna from 'sky islands' in Mozambique with the description of a new species (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)

Fig. 6. Potamonautes choloensis Chace, 1953 (SAM A46802). A. Entire animal, dorsal aspect. B. Entire animal, ventral aspect. C. Cephalothorax, frontal aspect. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 1. A in Phylogenetics of the freshwater crab (Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838) fauna from 'sky islands' in Mozambique with the description of a new species (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)

Fig. 1. A Bayesian Inference phylogram and divergence time estimation for the three mtDNA loci (12S rRNA +16S rRNA + COI) for the eastern and southern African freshwater crab genus Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838, with outgroups removed. Bootstrap values> 75% are indicated below each node while posterior probability values> 0.95 pP are shown above each node by an asterisk (*). Where no asterisk is present no support for a node was obtained. Blue polygons on branches indicates species present, on Mozambique 'sky islands'.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetics of the freshwater crab (Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838) fauna from 'sky islands' in Mozambique with the description of a new species (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)

Fig. 4. Potamonautes licoensis sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (SAM C-A091399). A. Major right cheliped. B. Minor left cheliped. Scale bar = 10 mm.

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Data and scripts for Co-phylogeny, narrow host breadth and local conditions drive highly specialized bird-haemosporidian associations in West-Central African sky islands

<p>This document includes the raw datafiles, host and parasite phylogenies and r-code use to conduct analyses for "Co-phylogeny, narrow host breadth and local conditions drive highly specialized bird-haemosporidian associations in West-Central African sky islands". Please see the readme file to get more detailed information about each file.</p>

Fig. 6 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 6. Species accumulation curves for amphibians (left) and reptiles (right) for transects in the PMF and PWF on Cerro Chucantí. obs: observed species on transects; est: estimated species if the sampling effort is doubled. Details on the transects are shown in Table 1.

Fig. 1 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 1. (A) Satellite map and (B) abstract digital map showing the trails used on Cerro Chucantí for transects in the PWF (beige, black, partly blue, and red dashed trails) and PMF (orange, dark-grey, and green dashed trails). Records of some species are also shown (see Materials and Methods for details).

Fig. 2 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 2. Study area at CPNR. (A) Cerro Chucantí; (B) entrance to the reserve; (C) Camp Site 1, on 2016; (D) modern toilet at Camp Site 1; (E–F) forest above 1,300 m asl; (G) view of the secondary forest around the biological station up to the cloud forest on the ridge; (H) the field team, at 1,200 m asl from left: Madian Miranda, above Rogemif Fuentes, Orlando Gárces, below Abel Batista, and lower right Konrad Mebert.

Fig. 5. Selected reptile species found during the 2012–2016 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 5. Selected reptile species found during the 2012–2016 surveys on Cerro Chucantí. (A) Echinosaura aff. palmeri; (B) Ptychoglossus aff. plicatus; (C) Anolis aff. fuscoauratus; (D) Geophis aff. brachycephalus; (E) Corallus annulatus, highest elevation record; (F) Tantilla berguidoi, recently described and endemic (Batista et al. 2016b); (G) Bothrops asper, 1,273 m asl, highest elevation record for Panama; (H) Lachesis acrochorda juvenile, 1,011 m asl, highest elevation for this species in Panama.

Fig. 9 in Endemism on a threatened sky island: new and rare species of herpetofauna from Cerro Chucantí, Eastern Panama

Fig. 9. Relative abundance of the reptiles found during surveys from 2012–2016 in the Premontane Moist Forest (PMF) on Cerro Chucantí. * Species observed in PWF and PMF on Cerrro Chucanti, but outside a transect; ** Species of likely occurrence that have been found in similar habitat and elevations in adjacent peaks of Majé Mountains.