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42 results for “Small-Bodies”
ARTICLE DATASET - ANTHROPOGENIC MICROPARTICLES ACCUMULATION IN SMALL-BODIED SEAGRASS MEADOWS: THE CASE OF TROPICAL ESTUARINE SPECIES IN BRAZIL
<p>This dataset with the data analysis script refers to the publication <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X24007768?via%3Dihub"><strong>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116799</strong></a>.</p> <p>The dataset consists of a spreadsheet containing 9 tabs with survey data described below and their respective captions, found in the first line of each tab.</p> <p>The script for statistical analysis in the R language contains descriptive and statistical analyses, in addition to the functions for creating the graphs displayed in the article.</p> <p><strong>Description of the spreadsheet dataset tabs --------------------------------------------------------------------------------</strong></p> <ol> <li>description - Contains general information about the article</li> <li>meadows - Contains properties related to the characteristics of the multispecific grassland.</li> <li>ap_samples - Contains properties related to the abundances of anthropogenic microparticles, as to classifications by shape, size (mm) and color in units, kg and frequency of occurrence.</li> <li>ap_categories - Contains raw data related to the classifications of anthropogenic microparticles, in terms of shape, size (mm) and color.</li> <li>sediment - Contains raw data related to the classifications of sediment particles.</li> <li>granulometry - Contains properties related to sediment particles in µm, and their classifications by predominance, frequency and kg.</li> <li>shape - Contains raw data related to the classification of the shapes of anthropogenic microparticles in units and kg.</li> <li>size - Contains raw data related to the classification of the sizes of anthropogenic microparticles in units and kg.</li> <li>color - Contains raw data related to the classification of the colors of anthropogenic microparticles in units and kg.</li> </ol>
Data from: Defaunation increases clustering and fine-scale spatial genetic structure in a small-seeded palm despite remaining small-bodied frugivores
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Data from: Urbanization filters megacolorful, small-bodied, and diet-specialist species in tropical bird assemblages
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Data and code from: Interspecific allometry of sexual shape dimorphism in small-bodied and large-bodied geckos
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Data from: Cryptic genetic diversity is paramount in small-bodied amphibians of the genus Euparkerella (Anura: Craugastoridae) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Morphological similarity associated to restricted distributions and low dispersal abilities make the direct developing "Terrarana" frogs of the genus Euparkerella a good model for examining diversification processes. We here infer phylogenetic relationships within the genus Euparkerella, using DNA sequence data from one mitochondrial and four nuclear genes coupled with traditional Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction approaches and more recent coalescent methods of species tree inference. We also used Bayesian clustering analysis and a recent Bayesian coalescent-based approach specifically to infer species delimitation. The analysis of 39 individuals from the four known Euparkerella species uncovered high levels of genetic diversity, especially within the two previously morphologically-defined E. cochranae and E. brasiliensis. Within these species, the gene trees at five independent loci and trees from combined data (concatenated dataset and the species tree) uncovered six deeply diverged and geographically coherent evolutionary units, which may have diverged between the Miocene and the Pleistocene. These six units were also uncovered in the Bayesian clustering analysis, and supported by the Bayesian coalescent-based species delimitation (BPP), and Genealogical Sorting Index (GSI), providing thus strong evidence for underestimation of the current levels of diversity within Euparkerella. The cryptic diversity now uncovered opens new opportunities to examine the origins and maintenance of microendemism in the context of spatial heterogeneity and/or human induced fragmentation of the highly threatened Brazilian Atlantic forest hotspot.
Data from: Senescence or selective disappearance? Age trajectories of body mass in wild and captive populations of a small-bodied primate
Classic theories of ageing consider extrinsic mortality (EM) a major factor in shaping longevity and ageing, yet most studies of functional ageing focus on species with low EM. This bias may cause overestimation of the influence of senescent declines in performance over condition-dependent mortality on demographic processes across taxa. To simultaneously investigate the roles of functional senescence (FS) and intrinsic, extrinsic and condition-dependent mortality in a species with a high predation risk in nature, we compared age trajectories of body mass (BM) in wild and captive grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) using longitudinal data (853 individuals followed through adulthood). We found evidence of non-random mortality in both settings. In captivity, the oldest animals showed senescence in their ability to regain lost BM, whereas no evidence of FS was found in the wild. Overall, captive animals lived longer, but a reversed sex bias in lifespan was observed between wild and captive populations. We suggest that even moderately condition-dependent EM may lead to negligible FS in the wild. While high EM may act to reduce the average lifespan, this evolutionary process may be counteracted by the increased fitness of the long-lived, high-quality individuals.
Fig. 5 in Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution
Fig. 5. Forelimb long bones. Shown are the humerus, radius, and ulna of the holotype (IPS58443) of Pliobates cataloniae gen. et sp. nov. (A to E) Partial left humerus in medial (A), posterior (B), lateral (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views. (F to K) Left radius in medial (F), posterior (G), lateral (H), anterior (I), proximal (J), and distal (K) views. (L to O) Proximal half of the left ulna in medial (L), posterior (M), lateral (N), and anterior (O) views. (P to T) Distal fragment of the left ulna in medial (P), posterior (Q), lateral (R), anterior (S), and distal (T) views.
Fig. 1 in Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution
Fig. 1. Cranium and dentition. (A to C) Cranium of the holotype (IPS58443) of Pliobates cataloniae gen. et sp. nov.The main cranial fragments, including the basicranium and the right palate, are shown in basal view (A); details of the right palatal fragment are shown in left-lateral (B) and right-lateral (C) views. (D) Detail of the right postcanine teeth, in occlusal view (mesial is to the right).
Fig. 4 in Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution
Fig. 4. Basicranial morphology. (A) Drawing of the left basicranium of the holotype (IPS58443) of Pliobates cataloniae gen. et sp. nov., as preserved in ventral view.The jugular foramen appears artifactually larger because of the displacement of the temporal and occipital portions along the occipitotemporal suture (corrected in the reconstruction in Fig. 3). The course of the carotid canal is shown with a dashed line, based on CT images. AE, articular eminence; CAF, carotid foramen; COF, condylar fossa; EA, Eustachian aperture; EAM, external auditory meatus; EP, Eustachian process; ET, ectotympanic; FM, foramen magnum; FO, foramen ovale; GF, glenoid fossa; JF, jugular foramen; OC, occipital condyle; OTS, occipitotemporal suture; PGP, postglenoid process. (B to D) Drawings of comparable views (not to scale) in Hylobates sp. (B), Proconsul heseloni KNM RU 2036 [(C), reversed], and Victoriapithecus macinnesi KNM MB 29100a (D) (KNM, Kenyon National Museums; RU, Rusinga; MB, Maboko). Arrows denote the V-shaped, incompletely ossified ventral terminal tip of the tubular ectotympanic in the extinct taxa. [Artwork by M. Palmero]
Fig. 7 in Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution
Fig. 7. Carpal bones. Line drawings of carpal bones in Pliobates cata- loniae gen. et sp. nov. (IPS58443) are shown with those of selected anthropoid genera for comparison. (A to E) Left capitate, in radial (top) and proximal (bottom) views, of Cer- copithecus aethiops (A), Ateles paniscus (B), Pierolapithecus cat- alaunicus (C), Hylobates lar (D), and P. cataloniae (E); gray shading denotes articular areas for the second metacar- pals, and cross-hatching denotes those for the third metacarpal. (F to J) Left hamate, in radial (top) and ulnar (bottom) views, of C. aethiops (F), A. paniscus (G), Pi. catalaunicus (H), H. lar (I), and P. catalo- niae (J). (K to O) Left triquetrum, in proximo- medial (top) and distal (bottom) views, of C. aethiops (K), A. paniscus (L), Pi. catalaunicus (M), H. lar (N), and P. cataloniae (O). Drawings are not to scale.
Fig. 3 in Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution
Fig. 3. Cranial reconstruction. Virtual reconstruction of the holotype (IPS58443) cranium of Pliobates cataloniae gen. et sp. nov., including mirrored fragments, in frontal (A), lateral (B), posterior (C), basal (D), and superior (E) views. Further details are given in fig. S3 and the methods in the text.
Fig. 6 in Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution
Fig. 6. Elbow and wrist morphology. The most diagnostic features of the elbow and wrist joints of Pliobates cataloniae gen. et sp. nov. (IPS58443), denoted by arrows in drawings of the distal humerus, proximal radius, and distal ulna, are shown with those of selected extant and extinct anthropoids for comparison. (A to D) Anterior (top) and distal (bottom) views of the distal humerus in P. cata- loniae (A), Epipliopithecus vindobonensis Individual I [(B), reversed], Dendro- pithecus? sp. KNM MO 17022A (C) (MO, Moruorot), and Hylobates moloch (D). (E to H) Views perpendicular to the radial tuberosity (top) and proximal view (bottom) of the proximal radius in P. cataloniae (E), E. vindobonensis Individual I (F), Simiolus enjiessi KNM MO 63 [(G), reversed)], and H. moloch (H). (I to M) Medial (top) and distal (bottom) views of the distal ulna in P. cataloniae (I), E. vindobonensis Indi- vidual I (J), H. moloch (K), Ateles paniscus (L), and Cercopithecus aethiops (M). 1, absence of entepicondylar foramen; 2, absence of capitular tail; 3, lack of spool-shaped trochlea; 4, well-developed beveled surface for the zona conoidea; 5, small and flat area in the radial head; 6, ulnar fovea; 7, two-faceted, expanded semilunar articular surface in the ulnar head. Specimens are shown as if from the left side and are not to scale. [Artwork by M. Palmero]
Fig. 2 in Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution
Fig. 2. Results of the dental microwear analyses. (A) Pitting incidence (%) of Pliobates, the extant comparative sample, and pliopithecoids and extinct hominoids from Europe and Turkey. (B) Bivariate plot of striation breadth versus pitting incidence. (C) Bivariate plot of the first two canonical axes delivered by the canonical variates analysis, based on three distinct, broad dietary groups: folivores, mixed feeders and frugivores, and hard-object feeders. Colored polygons in (B) and ellipses in (C) illustrate the variability of extant dietary categories. Small black symbols denote the comparative sample of extant anthropoids, whereas large black symbols represent the centroids of each dietary category. Different symbols are employed to distinguish the various extinct species; results for Iberian hominoids and pliopithecoids are shown in red and blue, respectively, whereas those from other localities are shown in yellow and green, respectively.
Histological and life history data for small-bodied mammals from: Multituberculate mammals show evidence of a life history strategy similar to that of placentals, not marsupials
<p>The remarkable evolutionary success of placental mammals has been partly attributed to their reproductive strategy of prolonged gestation and birthing of relatively precocial, quickly weaned neonates. Although this strategy was conventionally considered derived relative to that of marsupials with highly altricial neonates and long lactation periods, mounting evidence has challenged this view. Until now, the fossil record has been relatively silent on this debate, but here we find that proportions of different bone tissue microstructures in the femoral cortices of small extant marsupials and placentals correlate with length of lactation period, allowing us to apply this histological correlate of reproductive strategies to Late Cretaceous and Paleocene members of Multituberculata, an extinct mammalian clade that is phylogenetically stemward of Theria. Multituberculate bone histology closely resembles that of placentals, suggesting that they had similar life history strategies. That a stem-therian clade exhibits evidence of placental-like life histories supports the hypothesis that intense maternal-fetal contact characteristic of placentals is ancestral for therians. Alternatively, multituberculates and placentals may have independently evolved prolonged gestation and abbreviated lactation periods. Our results challenge the hypothesis that the rise of placental mammals was driven by unique life history innovations, and shed new light on early mammalian diversification.</p>
Distribution. Known only from type locality on S coast of Seram I, Indonesia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 123 mm, tail 128 mm, ear 14-6 mm, hindfoot 26-2 mm; weight 65 g (all mensural data are from holotype). Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat is very small-bodied, with dorsal pelage soft and brightly colored rufescent reddish brown, hairs with graybases, and venter contrastingly pure white; tail is slightly longer than head-body length, all black in color, tail scales raised, one hair per scale, scale hairs very short. Upper surfaces of feet are dark gray; hindfeet broad, with first digit long. Cranium is relatively narrow, with nasal profile flat; teeth very small. Single known specimen (the holotype), a pregnant female, has four mammae. in Muridae
Distribution. Known only from type locality on S coast of Seram I, Indonesia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 123 mm, tail 128 mm, ear 14-6 mm, hindfoot 26-2 mm; weight 65 g (all mensural data are from holotype). Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat is very small-bodied, with dorsal pelage soft and brightly colored rufescent reddish brown, hairs with graybases, and venter contrastingly pure white; tail is slightly longer than head-body length, all black in color, tail scales raised, one hair per scale, scale hairs very short. Upper surfaces of feet are dark gray; hindfeet broad, with first digit long. Cranium is relatively narrow, with nasal profile flat; teeth very small. Single known specimen (the holotype), a pregnant female, has four mammae.
FIGURES 10–12. 10 in Leonardesmus injucundus, n. gen., n. sp., an aromatic, small-bodied milliped from Washington State, U. S. A., and a revised account of the family Nearctodesmidae (Polydesmida)
FIGURES 10–12. 10, Left gonopod of male syntype, medial view; 11, the same, lateral view; 12, Left cyphopod of female syntype, caudal view. Scale lines for figs 10–11 and fig. 12 = 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Leonardesmus injucundus, n. gen., n. sp., an aromatic, small-bodied milliped from Washington State, U. S. A., and a revised account of the family Nearctodesmidae (Polydesmida)
FIGURE 1. Leonardesmus injucundus syntype from Grays Harbor Co., Washington. Photo by W. P. Leonard.
FIGURES 7–9. 7 in Leonardesmus injucundus, n. gen., n. sp., an aromatic, small-bodied milliped from Washington State, U. S. A., and a revised account of the family Nearctodesmidae (Polydesmida)
FIGURES 7–9. 7, SEM photo of left gonopod of male syntype, sublateral view; 8, the same, submedial view; 9, the same, subventral view. Magnifications indicated on scale lines.
FIGURES 4–6. 4 in Leonardesmus injucundus, n. gen., n. sp., an aromatic, small-bodied milliped from Washington State, U. S. A., and a revised account of the family Nearctodesmidae (Polydesmida)
FIGURES 4–6. 4, SEM photo of head and segments 1–7 of male syntype, ventrolateral view from left side; 5, midbody tergite of poriferous segment of the same, dorsal view; 6, left ozopore on caudolateral paranotal corner of the same, dorsal view. Magnifications indicated on scale lines.
FIGURES 2–3. 2 in Leonardesmus injucundus, n. gen., n. sp., an aromatic, small-bodied milliped from Washington State, U. S. A., and a revised account of the family Nearctodesmidae (Polydesmida)
FIGURES 2–3. 2, Distribution of the Nearctodesmidae. The dot in southcentral British Columbia represents the allopatric population of Nearctodesmus insulanus in the Shuswap Region; those in California, Nevada, and Arizona, some covering two closely proximate sites, represent known or published localities for the southwestern "micronearctodesmids." 3, Known occurrences of Leonardesmus and L. injucundus.
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