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34 results for “Snail intermediate host”
Fig. 1 in An alien intermediate snail host in Malawi - Orientogalba viridis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832) - A new concern for schistosomiasis transmission in Africa?
Fig. 1. Site photo of the location where O. viridis was first encountered. Numerous snails were found on mud within the rice paddy [large inset] and, of particular note, a single schistosome cercaria of S. haematobium was observed upon microscopy and photographed [small inset] and confirmed by DNA barcoding. This rice paddy was immediately adjacent to a small oxbow lake, where children were seen swimming and numerous Bulinus were found but these snails were not observed to shed schistosome cercariae at the time of first survey in May 2023.
Fig. 2. A in An alien intermediate snail host in Malawi - Orientogalba viridis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1832) - A new concern for schistosomiasis transmission in Africa?
Fig. 2. A) Shell, scale bar: 3 mm; B) mantle pigmentation, scale bar: 3 mm; C) bursa copulatrix, scale bar: 2 mm; D) penis, ratio of penis sheath (ps)/preputium (pp) ~1, overall length 0.5 cm; E) radula, scale bar: 10 μm; F) experimental infection with S. haematobium with miracidia highlighted within red elipses with unaltered swimming around the snail's body. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Resource fluctuations inhibit the reproduction and virulence of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni in its snail intermediate host
Resource availability can powerfully influence host-parasite interactions. However, we currently lack a mechanistic framework to predict how resource fluctuations alter individual infection dynamics. We address this gap with experiments manipulating resource supply and starvation for a human parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, and its snail intermediate host to test a hypothesis derived from mechanistic energy budget theory: resource fluctuations should reduce schistosome reproduction and virulence by inhibiting parasite ingestion of host biomass. Low resource supply caused hosts to remain small, reproduce less, and produce fewer human-infectious cercariae. Periodic starvation also inhibited cercarial production and prevented infection-induced castration. The periodic starvation experiment also revealed substantial differences in fit between two bioenergetic model variants, which differ in their representation of host starvation. Simulations using the best fit parameters of the winning model suggest that schistosome performance substantially declines with resource fluctuations with periods >7 days. These experiments strengthen mechanistic theory that can be readily scaled up to the population level to understand key feedbacks between resources, host population dynamics, parasitism, and control interventions. Integrating resources with other environmental drivers of disease in an explicit bioenergetic framework could ultimately yield mechanistic predictions for many disease systems.
Resource fluctuations inhibit the reproduction and virulence of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni in its snail intermediate host
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FIGURES 79–81 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 79–81. Small microphallid (Smmi). 79, Sporocyst, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 500 µm. 80, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 81, Close-up of cercaria anterior end, under heavy coverslip pressure, to show the oral stylet. Scale bar = 10 µm.
FIGURES 75–78 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 75–78. Probolocoryphe uca (Pruc). 75, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. Arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region, with invasion of the digestive gland and basal visceral mass. Scale bar = 1 cm. Base photo credit: Todd Huspeni. 76, Sporocyst, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 77, Cercaria, live, under heavy coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 78, Close-up of cercaria anterior end, under heavy coverslip pressure, oral stylet pressed on its side to reveal the dorsal flange. Scale bar = 25.
FIGURES 71–74 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 71–74. Renicola sp. "polychaetophila" (Repo). 71, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. Arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region with infiltration of the digestive gland. Scale bar = 1 cm. Photo from Hechinger & Miura (2014). 72, Sporocysts, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 73, Cercaria, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 74, Close-up of cercaria anterior end, heavy coverslip pressure, oral stylet visible, as are dorsal penetration duct openings and posterior-ventral "cross ducts" (white arrows). Scale bar = 10 µm.
FIGURES 12–14 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 12–14. Austrobilharzia sp. (Aust). 12, Close-up of an infection (white sporocysts) that has presumably invaded an already established Acanthoparyphium spinulosum (Acsp) colony (orange rediae) in a freshly deshelled, horn snail in sea water. The Aust sporocysts have infiltrated the snail gonadal, digestive gland, and green basal visceral mass regions. Scale bar = 0.5 cm. Base photo credit: Todd Huspeni. 13, Sporocyst, live, with developing cercariae, squashed with heavy coverslip pressure. Note the much smaller heterophyid cercaria that was in this mixed-infection. Ocular micrometer unit = 10 µm. Scale bar = 100 µm. 14, Cercaria, live, under slight coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm.
FIGURES 57–60 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 57–60. Renicola buchanani (Rebu). 57, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. Arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the mantle. Scale bar = 1 cm. 58, Sporocyst, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 1 mm. 59, Cercaria, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. Ocular micrometer hatch mark = 10 µm. 60, Cercariae, live, aggregated clump formed under water at bottom of dissection dish after release from host. Scale bar = 1000 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURE 1. General characteristics of the parthenitae and cercariae of the trematodes infecting Cerithideopsis californica as first intermediate host. Species numbers and codes follow Table 1 and species accounts. Cercariae are all to scale, with additional magnified views of six small species (indicated by dashed lines). Note the oral stylets (presented in right lateral view) for Pruc and Smmi. Parthenitae are not to scale. Scale bars consistently indicate 100 µm.
FIGURES 19–22 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 19–22. Acanthoparyphium spinulosum (Acsp). 19, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. The arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Note the prominent white areas, which are masses of cercariae that have left the orange rediae. Scale bar = 1 cm. Base photo credit: Todd Huspeni. 20, Reproductive rediae, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 21, Soldier redia, live. Scale bar = 100 µm. Base photo credit: Ana Garcia-Vedrenne. 22, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. Base photo credit: Todd Huspeni.
FIGURES 41–44 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 41–44. Acanthotrema hancocki (Acha). 41, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. The arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Scale bar = 1 cm. 42, Reproductive rediae, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 43, Soldier redia, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 50 µm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner. 44, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm.
FIGURES 15–18 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 15–18. Catatropis johnstoni (Cajo). 15, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected female horn snail in sea water. The arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the mantle. Scale bar = 1 cm. 16, Redia, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 17, Cercariae, live, showing ontogenetic variation of cercariae present after they have left rediae. Scale bar = 100 µm. 18, Close-up of cercaria body, live, under slight coverslip pressure to better reveal key traits. Scale bar = 100 µm.
FIGURES 49–52 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 49–52. Phocitremoides ovale (Phov). 49, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. Arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Scale bar = 1 cm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner. 50, Reproductive rediae, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 51, Soldier redia, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 50 µm. Base photo credit: Ana Garcia-Vedrenne. 52, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. Photo credit: Todd Huspeni.
FIGURES 53–56 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 53–56. Pygidiopsoides spindalis (Pysp). 53, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. Arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Scale bar = 1 cm. 54, Reproductive redia, live, with developing cercariae, under heavy coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 55, Soldier redia, live, under slight coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 50 µm. Base photo credit: Ana Garcia-Vedrenne. 56, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. Base photo credit: Todd Huspeni.
FIGURES 2–3 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 2–3. Uninfected and freshly deshelled California horn snails, Cerithideopsis californica. 2, Male. Note the ripe, orange testes. 3, Female. Note the ripe, green ovaries. BVM = basal visceral mass. DG = digestive gland. Scale bars = 1 cm.
FIGURES 45–48 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 45–48. Euhaplorchis californiensis (Euca). 45, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. Arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Scale bar = 1 cm. 46, Reproductive rediae, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 47, Soldier redia, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 50 µm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner. 48, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm.
FIGURES 35–40 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 35–40. Parorchis sp. (Pasp). 35, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. The arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region. Scale bar = 1 cm. Base photo credit: Todd Huspeni. 36, Reproductive redia, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. The arrow indicates an attacking soldier redia of Himasthla sp. B from an in vitro experiment (Hechinger et al., 2010). Scale bar = 200 µm. 37, Soldier redia, live. Scale bar = 200 µm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner. 38, Cercaria, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 200 µm. 39, Close up of cercaria anterior with particularly obvious tegumental body spines. Scale bar = 100 µm. 40, Developing cercariae, live, under heavy coverslip pressure to make the long esophagi visible. Scale bar = 200 µm.
FIGURES 30–34 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 30–34. Cloacitrema michiganensis (Clmi). 30, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. The arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region and part of the basal visceral mass. Scale bar = 1 cm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner. 31, Reproductive rediae, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 500 µm. 32, Soldier redia, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. 33, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm. Base photo credit: Andrew Turner. 34, Developing cercariae, live, under heavy coverslip pressure to make visible the anterior branching of the gut (~ non-existent esophagus). Scale bar = 100 µm.
FIGURES 27–29 in Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host
FIGURES 27–29. Himasthla sp. B (Hisb). 27, Overview of a colony in a freshly deshelled, infected horn snail in sea water. The arrow indicates the colony, which is localized in the gonadal region and part of the basal visceral mass. Scale bar = 1 cm. Base photo credit: Todd Huspeni. 28, Reproductive redia, live, with developing cercariae, under coverslip pressure, with an adjacent soldier redia indicated by the black arrow. Scale bar = 100 µm. 29, Cercariae, live, under coverslip pressure. Scale bar = 100 µm.
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