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Urban habitat features and patterns of snake removals in the greater Phoenix, Arizona (USA) metropolitan area (March 2021 - March 2022)
In urban and suburban areas, wildlife and people are often in close quarters, leading to human-wildlife interactions (HWI). Understanding how wildlife interact with humans and the built environment is critical as urbanization contributes to habitat change and fragmentation globally. In our study, we partnered with a local business that removes and relocates snakes from homes and businesses in the Phoenix area. The most frequently removed were venomous (family Viperidae, e.g., rattlesnakes) and nonvenomous (family Colubridae, e.g., gophersnakes) snakes. Using these records, we investigated taxa-specific habitat trends at two spatial scales. The neighborhood scale focused on front yard measures of cover and vegetation classes and the landscape scale focused on variables related to vegetation indices and degree of urbanization. Both analyses compared areas where snakes were removed to random locations in the city to represent possible habitat available to snakes. At the neighborhood scale (n=60), we found that removals occurred in yards with abundant cover opportunities. At the landscape scale (n=764), we found species-specific differences with nonvenomous snakes removed from areas of higher urbanization compared to venomous snakes. Understanding these distinct habitat patterns in residential yards can identify areas with potential human-snake conflict.
Rainbow Boa (Epicrates cenchria) snake brain illustration
<p>3D model of the Rainbow Boa snake brain highlighting the anatomy and the spatial arrangement of its major subdivisions.</p> <p>The brain reconstruction was obtained from a microCT scan of a iodine-stained specimen through manual segmentation using the software Amira 5.5.0.</p> <p>Other illustrations can be found <strong><a href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=keywords:%22squamate%20brain%22">here</a></strong>.</p> <p><em>If you are interested in reptile brain evolution and behavior, please, have a look to our recent publication:</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13405-w"><em><strong>"Comparative analysis of squamate brains unveils multi-level variation in cerebellar architecture associated with locomotor specialization"</strong></em></a></p> <p><strong>Simone Macrì, Yoland Savriama, Imran Khan & Nicolas Di-Poï</strong></p> <p><em>Nature Communications</em> <strong>10, </strong>5560 (2019)</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Check out also our *4K* video collection of various snake and lizard 3D brains:</em></p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgx4vtT32C8hqxG_icKiuXGtZVLVX-oG1">Snake and Lizard brain reconstructions video collection</a></strong></p> <p> </p> <p>For any inquiries or additional information, please, refer to the contacts provided in the <strong><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13405-w">article</a></strong>.</p>
Yellow-Bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis platurus) brain illustration
<p>3D model of the Yellow-Bellied Sea Snake brain highlighting the anatomy and the spatial arrangement of its major subdivisions.</p> <p>The brain reconstruction was obtained from a microCT scan of a iodine-stained specimen through manual segmentation using the software Amira 5.5.0.</p> <p>Other illustrations can be found <strong><a href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=keywords:%22squamate%20brain%22">here</a></strong>.</p> <p><em>If you are interested in reptile brain evolution and behavior, please, have a look to our recent publication:</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13405-w"><em><strong>"Comparative analysis of squamate brains unveils multi-level variation in cerebellar architecture associated with locomotor specialization"</strong></em></a></p> <p><strong>Simone Macrì, Yoland Savriama, Imran Khan & Nicolas Di-Poï</strong></p> <p><em>Nature Communications</em> <strong>10, </strong>5560 (2019)</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Check out also our *4K* video collection of various snake and lizard 3D brains:</em></p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgx4vtT32C8hqxG_icKiuXGtZVLVX-oG1">Snake and Lizard brain reconstructions video collection</a></strong></p> <p> </p> <p>For any inquiries or additional information, please, refer to the contacts provided in the <strong><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13405-w">article</a></strong>.</p>
Invasive snakes on islands: dataset and species vignettes
<p>This dataset describes known introductions of snakes to islands outside of their respective historical, native ranges as of May, 2022. It was created during the preparation of the chapter "Welcome to paradise: snake invasions on islands" for the upcoming book <em>Islands and Snakes</em>, Vol. II. Details for this accompanying summary text will be provided upon final publication.</p> <p>It contains a spreadsheet/database of individual documented introductions (Island_Snakes_data_cleaned), and vignettes organized by species that summarize introductions and provide references.</p> <p> </p> <p><em><strong>Island_Snakes_data_cleaned Database Details</strong></em></p> <p>The database contains several categories of information; categories are listed in bold below.</p> <ul> <li><strong>General Introduction information</strong></li> </ul> <p>Introduced Country = the country authority over the geographic location of introduction event</p> <p>Introduced to Island = the name of the island where a snake was introduced</p> <p>Island Group Name = the name of the island grouping, if any exists</p> <p>Introduced Ocean of Sea = the name of the body(ies) of water surrounding the island where a snake was introduced</p> <p>Native Range = a general description of where the snake is native to, if known</p> <p>Date Introduced Note = any details in addition to the year provided in Date Introduced column</p> <p>Date Introduced = the date a snake was considered or recorded as introduced to an island. These dates are often approximate of based on year of publication.</p> <p>Established = a binary variable where 1 indicates a snake has established a population on that island, and 0 indicates it has not established or there is not enough evidence to determine this status.</p> <p>Currently Present on island = a binary variable where 1 indicates a snake is present on that island, and 0 indicates it is not present or there is not enough evidence to determine this status.</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li><strong>Pathway information - </strong>these variables describe known pathways of introduction to an island. All variables are binary; 1 indicates the pathway likely contributed to the introduction of the snake, 0 indicates it likely did not or there is not evidence to support that pathway.</li> </ul> <p>Nursery Trade - introduced as a result of nursery or plant trade</p> <p>Cargo - introduced as a result of cargo that is not specifically associated with nursery or plant trade</p> <p>Pet Trade - introduced as a result of importation for eventual keeping as a pet or in captive hobby herpetoculture, or escape</p> <p>Intentional - introduced intentionally to the wild by a person intending to establish a population or releasing an animal for non-religious purposes</p> <p>Industrial - introduced as a result of an industry not described in other pathways; e.g. entertainment industry, skin trade</p> <p>Research - introduced as a result of escape or release from captive animals used for research purposes</p> <p>Medicinal - introduced as a result of medicinal trade in animals</p> <p>Food - introduced as a result animals traded or imported for consumption</p> <p>Pathway comment - additional details about the pathway associated with the introduction event</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li><strong>Introduced island characteristics - </strong>attributes of the ecology and geography where snakes have been introduced. Binary variables 1 indicate there is evidence for the category, 0 indicates there is not evidence for that category. *Note*: we did not consider fully-aquatic sea-snakes in our determination of island ecology characteristics</li> </ul> <p>introduced to historically snake-free - 1 indicates that prior to the snake's introduction, no other snakes were present on the island.</p> <p>introduced to island with native snakes already there - 1 indicates that prior to the snake's introduction, native snakes were already present</p> <p>introduced to island with ecologically similar snake - 1 indicates that prior to the snake's introduction, a snake with similar ecotype was already present (native or non-native).</p> <p>introduced island with same family - 1 indicates that prior to the snake's introduction, another snake of the same family was already present (native or non-native).</p> <p>introduced island with same genus - 1 indicates that prior to the snake's introduction, another snake of the same genus was already present (native or non-native).</p> <p>island area km2 - a rough estimate of the island's total geographic area in km<sup>2</sup></p> <p>nearest large landmass (>10000km2) - the name of the nearest landmass (greater than 10,000 km<sup>2 </sup>in area) to the island where a snake was introduced (as determined by linear distance).</p> <p>distance to nearest large landmass/mainland (km) - an estimate of the linear distance from the island where a snake was introduced to the nearest landmass greater than 10,000 km<sup>2 </sup> in area.</p> <p>distance to native origin (rough km) - a rough estimate of the linear distance from the snake's native range (and source of non-native introduction, if known) to the island where the snake has been introduced. </p> <p>Native_to_nearest_large_landmass - a binary variable where 1 indicates the snake is native to the nearest large landmass names in the nearest large landmass (>10000km2) column.</p> <p>island status comment - any additional information about the ecology of geography of the island where a snake was introduced.</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li><strong>Snake characteristics - </strong>Attributes associated with the ecotype and diet of the snakes introduced to islands. Binary variables indicate whether there is evidence to support a snake's membership to a specific category.</li> </ul> <p>Constrictor - 1 indicates the snake can be classified as a constrictor- using strangulation and squeezing to subdue prey.</p> <p>Venomous - 1 indicates the snake can be classified as venomous.</p> <p>Fossorial - 1 indicates the snake can be classified as fossorial; dwelling on ground in soil or leaf litter</p> <p>Terrestrial - 1 indicates the snake can be classified as terrestrial; living on the ground but generally not in soil or leaf litter</p> <p>Aquatic - 1 indicates the snake can be classified as aquatic, living at the water's edge or near the water.</p> <p>Arboreal - 1 indicates the snake can be classified as arboreal; living mostly in trees</p> <p>Cave-dwelling (troglodytic) - 1 indicates the snake can be classified as Cave-dwelling or troglodytic</p> <p>max SVL in mm (estimate) - the maximum snout-to-vent length recorded for the introduced snake species; this information may be derived from either native or introduced ranges</p> <p>Generalist - 1 indicates the snake can be classified as having a generalist diet</p> <p>Specialist - 1 indicates the snake can be classified as having a specialist diet</p> <p>Mammals - 1 indicates the snake is documented as consuming mammals</p> <p>Birds - 1 indicates the snake is documented as consuming birds</p> <p>Amphibs - 1 indicates the snake is documented as consuming amphibians</p> <p>Reptiles - 1 indicates the snake is documented as consuming reptiles</p> <p>Inverts - 1 indicates the snake is documented as consuming invertebrates</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li><strong>Impacts of introduction - </strong> a summary of any documented impacts associated with the introduction of the snake to the island. </li> </ul> <p>Ecological Impacts - 1 indicates there is documentation to support an impact of the snake's introduction to the island's ecology</p> <p>Health Impacts - 1 indicates there is documentation to support an impact of the snake's introduction to human health on the island</p> <p>Economic Impacts - 1 indicates there is documentation to support an impact of the snake's introduction to the local economy of the island</p> <p>Impacts not measured - 1 indicates there is no formal documentation of impacts of the snake to any of the previous categories</p> <p>Impact Comment - any details about impacts, or speculated impacts</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li><strong>Management </strong></li> </ul> <p>Previous eradication Efforts - 1 indicates there have been measures taken in the past to attempt to remove the snake species from the island</p> <p>Current eradication effort - 1 indicates that as of May 2022, attempts to remove the snake species from the island are ongoing.</p> <p> </p> <p>Cool Stuff! -<strong> </strong>a category with comments on introductions that do not fit neatly elsewhere</p> <p> </p> <p><em><strong>Vignette details</strong></em></p> <p>Vignettes are organized by species, using the most up-to-date accepted species name according to the Reptile Database in May, 2022. The vignette describes documented introductions to islands, which includes multiple locations for some species.</p> <p>All vignettes follow a similar format.</p> <p><em>Species name</em> and any relevant synonyms or colloquial names are given.<br> <em>Where native</em>- describes the native range of the snake, if known.<br> <em>Where introduced, when </em>- describes the islands where a snake has been documented as introduced, and the associated dates of introduction (if they differ from the publication date)</p> <p><em>Introduced Island characteristics - </em>gives any relevant information about the ecology or geography of the island(s) where the species has been introduced</p> <p><em>Pathways of introduction </em>- gives information about pathway(s) relevant to introductions</p> <p><em>Why successful introduction </em>- if the introduction was successful (i.e. established), what factors may have played a role in this success</p> <p><em>Any failed island introductions elsewhere, why?</em> - If introductions are recorded as not established or failed, any information that may help understand the failure of the introduction to establish.</p> <p><em>Documented impacts of introduction (Ecological, Economic, Social, Human Health)</em> - any impacts documented from the introduction of the species to the island(s)</p> <p><em>Speculated impacts</em> - any potential impacts of the species' introduction to the island(s), whether unrecorded, unexamined, or estimated to have a lag time before apparent</p> <p><em>References - </em>References cited within the vignette</p> <p> </p>
First spectral Reflectance Dataset of Equisetum hyemale (Snake grass) Invasive Alien Plant
<p><em><span>This repository contains the first spectral reflectance dataset of <span>snakegrass</span> (Equisetum hyemale) invasive alien species recorded in South Africa. Spectral reflectance measurements were collected under lab conditions using the Spectral Evolution PSR-300 full-range spectrometer. Spectral pre-processing was performed in R statistical software to remove noisy spectra and regions and perform averaging per sample (code accessible: https://github.com/mkganyago/SpectralEvolutionFileReader).<br></span></em></p>
Dataset from "Venomous Peptides: Molecular Origin of the Toxicity of Snake Venom PLA2‑like Peptides"
<p>Dataset from "Venomous Peptides: Molecular Origin of the Toxicity of Snake Venom PLA2‑like Peptides", containing the most relevant all-atom output trajectories and input files ran with GROMACS 2021:</p> <p>1) <strong>pure_membrane_systems.7z</strong> - pure bilayer systems (AA1, AA2, AA5), including equilibration, calcium insertion, and umbrella sampling simulations;</p> <p>2) <strong>single_peptide_systems.7z</strong> - single peptide-containing systems (AA3, AA4, AA6), including equilibration, calcium insertion, and umbrella sampling simulations;</p> <p>3) <strong>multiple_peptide_systems.7z</strong> - multiple peptide-containing systems (AA7, AA8), including equilibration, calcium insertion, and umbrella sampling simulations.</p> <p>We have included the input files (.mdp), system topology (.top and .itp), initial and final structure files (.gro), the index file (.ndx), and the portable binary run input files (.tpr). We have also included the output trajectories of systems AA3, AA4, AA6-8 in .xtc format, and spaced every 500 ps.</p> <p>System composition is given in Table Z1. More details can be found in the related publication.</p> <p><strong>Table Z1. Simulated systems' details, including name, composition (in number of lipid and peptide molecules), number of atoms composing the systems, simulation (sim.) time, and total umbrella sampling (US) time.</strong> </p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>System</strong></td> <td><strong>POPC/POPS/Peptide</strong></td> <td><strong>no. atoms (a)</strong></td> <td><strong>sim. time (µs)</strong></td> <td><strong>US time (µs)</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AA1</strong></td> <td>128/0/0</td> <td>40,226</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>10.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AA2</strong></td> <td>0/128/0</td> <td>39,458</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>10.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AA3</strong></td> <td>128/0/1</td> <td>40,504</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>32.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AA4</strong></td> <td>0/128/1</td> <td>39,724</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>32.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AA5</strong></td> <td>96/32/0</td> <td>40,034</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AA6</strong></td> <td>96/32/1</td> <td>40,300</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AA7</strong></td> <td>96/32/5</td> <td>41,364</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>10.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AA8</strong></td> <td>96/32/13</td> <td>55,128</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>10.8</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>(a) for the US simulations, the total number of atoms was reduced in 1 because two sodium ions were substituted by a single calcium ion.</p>
Snake Ancestor Illustration (Square)
<p>Illustration showing the lifestyle and the reconstructed brain model of the hypothetical ancestor of snakes (square)</p>
Golden Flying Snake (Chrysopelea ornata) brain illustration
<p>3D model of the Golden Flying Snake brain highlighting the anatomy and the spatial arrangement of its major subdivisions.</p> <p>The brain reconstruction was obtained from a microCT scan of a iodine-stained specimen through manual segmentation using the software Amira 5.5.0.</p> <p>Other illustrations can be found <strong><a href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=keywords:%22squamate%20brain%22">here</a></strong>.</p> <p><em>If you are interested in reptile brain evolution and behavior, please, have a look to our recent publication:</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13405-w"><em><strong>"Comparative analysis of squamate brains unveils multi-level variation in cerebellar architecture associated with locomotor specialization"</strong></em></a></p> <p><strong>Simone Macrì, Yoland Savriama, Imran Khan & Nicolas Di-Poï</strong></p> <p><em>Nature Communications</em> <strong>10, </strong>5560 (2019)</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Check out also our *4K* video collection of various snake and lizard 3D brains:</em></p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgx4vtT32C8hqxG_icKiuXGtZVLVX-oG1">Snake and Lizard brain reconstructions video collection</a></strong></p> <p> </p> <p>For any inquiries or additional information, please, refer to the contacts provided in the <strong><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13405-w">article</a></strong>.</p>
Painted Bronzeback (Dendrelaphis pictus) snake brain illustration
<p>3D model of the Painted Bronzeback snake brain highlighting the anatomy and the spatial arrangement of its major subdivisions.</p> <p>The brain reconstruction was obtained from a microCT scan of a iodine-stained specimen through manual segmentation using the software Amira 5.5.0.</p> <p>Other illustrations can be found <strong><a href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=keywords:%22squamate%20brain%22">here</a></strong>.</p> <p><em>If you are interested in reptile brain evolution and behavior, please, have a look to our recent publication:</em></p> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13405-w"><em><strong>"Comparative analysis of squamate brains unveils multi-level variation in cerebellar architecture associated with locomotor specialization"</strong></em></a></p> <p><strong>Simone Macrì, Yoland Savriama, Imran Khan & Nicolas Di-Poï</strong></p> <p><em>Nature Communications</em> <strong>10, </strong>5560 (2019)</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Check out also our *4K* video collection of various snake and lizard 3D brains:</em></p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgx4vtT32C8hqxG_icKiuXGtZVLVX-oG1">Snake and Lizard brain reconstructions video collection</a></strong></p> <p> </p> <p>For any inquiries or additional information, please, refer to the contacts provided in the <strong><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13405-w">article</a></strong>.</p>
IG. 6. — A, Trunk vertebra of Alsophis sp. 2 from Pointe du Helleux archaeological site (Square 2 – crab layer) located on Grande-Terre Island; B, trunk vertebra of Erythrolamprus juliae cf. copeae (Parker, 1936) from Sainte-Rose La Ramée archaeological site (US 2058) located on Basse-Terre Island. Abbreviations: cd., condyle; ct., cotyle; di., diapophysis; h. k., hemal keel; m. c., medial constriction; n. a., neural arch; n. s., neural spine; p. c., precondylar constriction; p. d., paracotylar depression; p. n., postero-medial notch of the zygantrum; pa., parapophysis; pz. f., prezygapophyseal facet; pz. p., prezygapophyseal process; s. d., subcentral depression; s. r., subcentral ridge; s. t., sub-cotylar tubercle; zs., zygosphene. Scale bars: 4 mm in Fossil dipsadid snakes from the Guadeloupe Islands (French West-Indies) and their interactions with past human populations
IG. 6. — A, Trunk vertebra of Alsophis sp. 2 from Pointe du Helleux archaeological site (Square 2 – crab layer) located on Grande-Terre Island; B, trunk vertebra of Erythrolamprus juliae cf. copeae (Parker, 1936) from Sainte-Rose La Ramée archaeological site (US 2058) located on Basse-Terre Island. Abbreviations: cd., condyle; ct., cotyle; di., diapophysis; h. k., hemal keel; m. c., medial constriction; n. a., neural arch; n. s., neural spine; p. c., precondylar constriction; p. d., paracotylar depression; p. n., postero-medial notch of the zygantrum; pa., parapophysis; pz. f., prezygapophyseal facet; pz. p., prezygapophyseal process; s. d., subcentral depression; s. r., subcentral ridge; s. t., sub-cotylar tubercle; zs., zygosphene. Scale bars: 4 mm
FIG. 4 in Fossil dipsadid snakes from the Guadeloupe Islands (French West-Indies) and their interactions with past human populations
FIG. 4. — Cranial bones of Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) from La Désirade and Marie-Galante islands: A, right maxilla from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 7) located on La Désirade Island; B, right palatine from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; C, D, left pterygoid anterior (C) and posterior (D) fragments from Blanchard Cave (layers 8 and 10) located Marie-Galante Island; E, left compound bone from Blanchard Cave (Layer 8) located Marie-Galante Island; F, right dentary from Pointe Gros Rempart 6 (Dec. 3) located on La Désirade Island. Abbreviations: c. p., choanal process; d. n., dorsal notch; di., diastema; e. p. m., ectopterygoid process of the maxilla; e. p. p., ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid; f. m. n., foramen for the maxillary nerve; g. f., glenoid
FIG. 2 in Fossil dipsadid snakes from the Guadeloupe Islands (French West-Indies) and their interactions with past human populations
FIG. 2. — Morphological variability among four specimens of Alsophis Fitzinger, 1843. From left-to-right: smallest and largest available specimens of Alsophis rijgersmaei Cope, 1869 and Alsophis antillensis (Schlegel, 1837) varieties A and B (of Duméril et al. 1854). The two figured vertebrae for each specimen correspond to the most different morphologies observed among the trunk vertebrae (anterior vertebra on the left and median vertebra on the right).
FIG. 7 in Fossil dipsadid snakes from the Guadeloupe Islands (French West-Indies) and their interactions with past human populations
FIG. 7. — Results of statistical analyses of fossil and modern dipsadid snake vertebrae on the Guadeloupe Islands: A, two first axes of the PCA conducted on the maximum number of specimens (first analysis); B, Mahalanobis distance tree obtained from the results of the LDA (first analysis); C, two first axes of the PCA conducted on the maximum number of measurements (second analysis); D, Mahalanobis distance tree obtained from the results of the LDA (second analysis).
H'aiuru, Nilgiri Hills (Tamil Nadu). Hero-stone with snake beside sun and moon
<p>Source: Breeks, J.W. (ed. by his widow) (1873) <em>An account of the primitive tribes and monuments of the Nilagiris</em>, London.</p> <p>Former orthostat of a disrupted dolmen.<br> <br> Topmost section showing the sun, the moon and a snake.Apparently no tradition of serpent worship on the hills. According to Breeks, the snake is not a Nāga: its position beside the sun would indicate an eclipse (the sun is captured by a serpent, as maintained by some beliefs).</p>
FIG. 7. — A medallion with a snake milking a cow from a in The comparative milk-suckling reptile
FIG. 7. — A medallion with a snake milking a cow from a tapestry preserved in the Musée Royal des Beaux-Arts, Brussels. From Crick-Kuntziger (1948: 73).
Data from: Foraging mode constrains the evolution of cephalic horns in lizards and snakes
<p>A phylogenetically diverse minority of snake and lizard species exhibit rostral and ocular appendages that substantially modify the shape of their heads. These cephalic horns have evolved multiple times in diverse squamate lineages, enabling comparative tests of hypotheses on the benefits and costs of these distinctive traits. Here, we demonstrate correlated evolution between the occurrence of horns and foraging mode. We argue that although horns may be beneficial for various functions (e.g., camouflage, defence) in animals that move infrequently, they make active foragers more conspicuous to prey and predators, and hence are maladaptive. We therefore expected horns to be more common in species that ambush prey (entailing low movement rates) rather than in actively searching (frequently moving) species. Consistent with that hypothesis, our phylogenetic comparative analysis of published data on 1,939 species reveals that cephalic horns occur almost exclusively in sit-and-wait predators. This finding underlines how foraging mode constrains the morphology of squamates and provides a compelling starting point for similar studies in other animal groups.</p>
FIG. 18 in Snakes of the lower/middle Miocene transition at Vieux Collonges (Rhône, France), with comments on the colonisation of western Europe by colubroids
FIG. 18. — Representatives of the families Boidae, Colubridae (Colubrinae + Natricinae), Elapidae and Viperidae reported from the Miocene localities of France, Germany and Czech Republic. Numbers in the table represent the numbers of specimens.
Fig. 8 in Meiofaunal Biodiversity In A Marine Protected Area: A Case Study In The Rocky And Sedimentary Shores Of The Snake Island (North-Western Black Sea)
Fig. 8. Plot of the non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) based on the by Bray–Curtis similarity index for logarithmic values of meiobenthos taxa density in the recognized habitats of the Snake Island MPA (Black Sea).
Fig. 7 in Meiofaunal Biodiversity In A Marine Protected Area: A Case Study In The Rocky And Sedimentary Shores Of The Snake Island (North-Western Black Sea)
Fig. 7. Cluster analysis dendrogram based on meiobenthos density on the different habitats in MPA of the Snake Island (Black Sea).
Fig. 4 in Meiofaunal Biodiversity In A Marine Protected Area: A Case Study In The Rocky And Sedimentary Shores Of The Snake Island (North-Western Black Sea)
Fig. 4. The average density (N, means ± SE ind.·m–2) and biomass (B, means ± SE mg·m–2) of the total meiobenthos with contribution permanent and temporary taxa in the different habitats of the Snake Island MPA (Black Sea).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.