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58 results for “Social Benefits”
Are marriage-related taxes and Social Security benefits holding back female labor supply?
<p>Margherita Borella, Mariacristina De Nardi, and Fang Yang, "Are marriage-related taxes and Social Security benefits holding back female labor supply?". The Review of Economic Studies, Forthcoming. This package contains all the code and detailed instructions on how to replicate the data analysis and numerical results in the paper.</p>
When does antimicrobial resistance increase bacterial fitness? Effects of dosing, social interactions and frequency dependence on the benefits of AmpC β-lactamases in broth, biofilms and a gut infection model.
<p><span>One of the longstanding puzzles of antimicrobial resistance is why the frequency of resistance persists at intermediate levels.<span> </span>Theoretical explanations for the lack of fixation of resistance include cryptic costs of resistance or negative frequency-dependence but are seldom explored experimentally. <span> </span><em>β</em>-lactamases, which detoxify penicillin-related antibiotics, have well-characterized frequency-dependent dynamics driven by cheating and cooperation.<span> </span>However, bacterial physiology determines whether <em>β</em>-lactamases are cooperative and we know little about the sociality or fitness of <em>β</em>-lactamase producers in infections.<span> </span>Moreover, media-based experiments constrain how we measure fitness, and ignore important parameters such as infectivity and transmission among hosts.<span> </span>Here, we investigated the fitness effects of broad-spectrum AmpC <em>β</em>-lactamases in <em>Enterobacter cloacae</em> in broth, biofilms and gut infections in a model insect. <span> </span>We quantified frequency- and dose-dependent fitness using cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin.<span> </span>We predicted that infection dynamics would be similar to those observed in biofilms, with social protection extending over a wide dose range.<span> </span>We found evidence for the sociality of <em>β</em>-lactamases in all contexts with negative frequency-dependent selection ensuring the persistence of wild-type bacteria although cooperation was less prevalent in biofilms, contrary to predictions.<span> </span>While competitive fitness in gut infections and broth had similar dynamics, incorporating infectivity into measurements of fitness in infections<em> </em>significantly affected conclusions. <span> </span>Resistant bacteria had reduced infectivity which limited the fitness benefits of resistance to infections challenged with low antibiotic doses and having low initial frequencies of resistance. <span> </span>The fitness of resistant bacteria in more physiologically tolerant states (in biofilms, in infections) could be constrained by the presence of wild-type bacteria, high antibiotic doses and limited availability of <em>β</em>-lactamases.<span> </span>One conclusion is that increased tolerance of <em>β</em> -lactams does not necessarily increase selection pressure for resistance.<span> </span>Overall, both cryptic fitness costs and frequency-dependence curtailed the fitness benefits of resistance in this study.<span> </span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p>
Joint environmental and social benefits from diversified agriculture
<p>Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of more diverse forms of agriculture. This simplification in the form of, for example, intensively-managed monocultures, poses a risk to keeping the world within safe and just Earth system boundaries. Here, we estimate how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2,655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, non-crop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (human well-being, yields, food security) and environmental (biodiversity, ecosystem services, reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. We find that applying multiple diversification strategies creates more positive outcomes than individual management strategies alone. To realize these benefits, well-designed policies are needed to incentivize the adoption of multiple diversification strategies in unison.</p>
Data from: Behavioral adjustments in the social associations of a precocial shorebird mediate the costs and benefits of grouping decisions
<p>Animals weigh multiple costs and benefits when making grouping decisions. The cost-avoidance grouping framework proposes that group density, information quality, and risk affect an individual's preference for con- or heterospecific groups. However, this assumes the cost-benefit balance of a particular grouping is constant spatiotemporally, which may not always be true. Investigating how spatiotemporal context influences grouping choices is therefore key to understanding how animals contend with changing conditions. </p> <p>Changes in body size during development lead to variable conditions for individuals over short timescales that can influence their ecological interactions. Hudsonian godwits (Limosa haemastica), for instance, form a protective nesting association with a major predator of young godwit chicks, colonial short-billed gulls (<em>Larus brachyrhynchus</em>). Godwit broods may avoid areas of higher gull densities when chicks are susceptible to gull predation but likely experience higher risk from alternative predators as a result. Associating with conspecifics could allow godwits to buffer these costs but requires enough other broods with whom to group. </p> <p>To determine how age-dependent predation risk and conspecific density influence godwit grouping behaviors, we first quantified the time-dependent effects of con- and heterospecific interactions on the mortality risk for godwit chicks throughout development. We then determined how godwit density and chick age affected their associations with con- and heterospecifics. </p> <p>We found that younger godwit chicks' survival improved with closer association with conspecifics, earlier hatch dates, and lower gull densities, whereas older chicks survived better with earlier hatch dates, though this effect was less clear. Concomitantly, godwit broods avoided gulls early in development and when godwit densities were high but maintained loose associations with conspecifics throughout development. </p> <p>We identified how individuals can optimally shift with whom they group according to risks that vary spatially and temporally. Investigating the effects of a species' ecological interactions across spatiotemporal contexts in this way can shed light on how animals adjust their associations according to the costs and benefits of each association.</p>
The Dynamics of Self-Disclosure on Social Media: Analyzing the Impact of Benefits, Concerns, and Experiences
<p><span>In the digital age, social media platforms have become integral to daily communication, providing users with unprecedented opportunities to share personal information and connect with others. This phenomenon, known as self-disclosure, involves the voluntary sharing of personal information, thoughts, and feelings with others. This study investigates the factors influencing self-disclosure behavior on social media, employing Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) as theoretical frameworks</span>.</p>
All of the same type? The use of 'welfare tourism' to limit the access of EU migrants to social benefits in the UK and Germany 2021
<p><em>List of documents analyzed for book chapter: Gago, Angie (2021) All of the same type? The use of ‘welfare tourism’ to limit the access of EU migrants to social benefits in the UK and Germany </em>In<em> "Social Policy Review 33", edited by Pomati, Marco, Andy Jolly and James Rees, 203-222. Bristol: Bristol University Press, 2021</em></p>
The adaptive significance of off-lek sociality in birds: A synthetic review, with evidence for the reproductive benefits hypothesis in Long-wattled umbrellabirds
<p>Anecdotal evidence suggests that lekking birds exhibit considerable variation in form and degree of sociality away from the lek, yet this phenomenon has received very little theoretical or empirical research attention. Here, we provide the first synthetic literature review of off-lek sociality in birds and develop a conceptual framework for the potential adaptive function of off-lek sociality across lekking taxa. We then present a case study of the Long-wattled Umbrellabird (<em>Cephalopterus penduliger</em>), where we find support for the hypothesis that off-lek sociality is primarily driven by male reproductive incentives for coordinating lek attendance during the breeding season. During periods of high lekking activity, male umbrellabirds depart the lek in highly coordinated groups and maintain larger off-lek social groups relative to periods of low lekking activity. These seasonal differences in off-lek sociality do not occur in females, are not explained by patterns of foraging behavior, and are expected to confer individual-level benefits for participating males. Both the literature review and empirical study of umbrellabirds suggest that off-lek interactions and behavioral strategies may shape sexual selection processes at leks in important ways. Further research into this historically understudied area of lekking species' behavioral ecology will likely deepen our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of lek mating.</p>
Joint environmental and social benefits from diversified agriculture
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Data from: Behavioral adjustments in the social associations of a precocial shorebird mediate the costs and benefits of grouping decisions
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
The adaptive significance of off-lek sociality in birds: A synthetic review, with evidence for the reproductive benefits hypothesis in Long-wattled umbrellabirds
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Data from: The price of insurance: costs and benefits of worker production in a facultatively social bee
Kin selection theory is foundational in helping to explain the evolution of sociality; however, the degree to which indirect fitness benefits may underlie helping behavior in species of early stage sociality has received relatively little empirical attention. Facultatively social bees, which demonstrate multiple forms of social organization, provide prime systems in which to empirically test hypotheses regarding the evolutionary origins of sociality. The subsocial small carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata, may establish a social nest by manipulating brood provisions to rear a worker daughter, which then assists in critical late-season alloparental care. Here, we combine nest demographic and behavioral data with genetic relatedness estimates to calculate the relative inclusive fitness of both subsocial and social reproductive strategies in C. calcarata. Social mothers benefit from improved likelihood of brood survivorship and have higher fitness than subsocial mothers. Worker daughters have low indirect fitness on average, and will not produce their own offspring. Among-sibling relatedness is significantly higher in social nests than subsocial nests, though mothers of either reproductive strategy may mate multiply. Though this study corroborates the ultimate role of indirect fitness and assured fitness returns in the evolution of social traits, it also offers additional support for maternal manipulation as the proximate mechanism underlying evolutionary transitions in early stage insect societies.
Data from: Direct fitness benefits and kinship of social foraging groups in an Old World tropical babbler
Molecular studies have revealed that social groups composed mainly of non-relatives may be widespread in group-living vertebrates, but the benefits favoring such sociality are not well understood. In the Old World, birds often form conspecific foraging groups that are maintained year-round and offspring usually disperse to other social groups. We tested the hypothesis that non-breeding group members are largely unrelated and gain direct fitness benefits through breeding opportunities (males) and brood parasitism (females) in the tropical grey-throated babbler, Stachyris nigriceps, in Malaysian Borneo. Babblers foraged in social groups containing one or more breeding pairs (median = 8 group members of equal sex ratio), but group members rarely assisted with breeding (9% of 67 breeding pairs had a third helper; exhibiting facultative cooperative breeding). Although 20% of 266 group member dyads were first-order relatives of one or both members of the breeding pairs, 80% were unrelated. Male group members gained direct fitness benefits through extra-pair and extra-group paternity (25% of 73 offspring), which was independent of their relatedness to the breeding pair and increased with decreasing group size. In contrast, females did not gain direct fitness benefits through brood parasitism. The low levels of relatedness and helping in social groups suggest that most group members do not gain indirect fitness benefits by helping to raise unrelated offspring. These findings highlight the importance of examining benefits of sociality for unrelated individuals that largely do not help and broaden the direct fitness benefits of group foraging beyond assumed survival benefits.
Data and code in support of "Quantifying international climate finance needs and its social and climate benefits"
<div> <div>These folders contain the code and figures for experiments, data analysis and visualization of results associated with the paper "Quantifying international climate finance needs and its social and climate benefits".</div> <br> <div>The folder FullAdaptation contains the data needed to produce the figures reported in the main text assuming adaptation as in Agrawala et al.</div> <div>The folder WITCHAdaptation contains the data needed to produce the figures reported in the supplementary material and discussed in the context of alternative assumptions for adaptation modeling.</div> <br> <div>Each of these folders contains:</div> <div>- the original optimization experiments (with and without transfers under different inequality aversion levels);</div> <div>- the CRICE code which is used to simulate the obtained policies from the folders above;</div> <div>- folders containing figures (main/supp figures and optimization runtimes);</div> <div>- world-administrative boundaries shapefile (https://public.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/world-administrative-boundaries/export/);</div> <div>- script to compile the optimization version of CRICE (compile_run.sh). This is needed to run the optimizations but it requires substantial computational time;</div> <div>- script to select the best solution/runtime across seeds (best_runtime.py);</div> <div>- script to simulate the best solutions (simulate_sensitivity_mitigation.py). Before running this run "make clean && make" in the CRICE50 folder to make sure the simulation model is compiled;</div> <div>- script to produce figures (analyze_results.py, plot_figures.py, plot_maps.py, plot_runtime.py).</div> </div>
Experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild: Costs to bearers and potential benefits to receivers
<p>Conspecifics can provide social cues about the presence of key features of the surrounding environment, such as food or predators. Attending to social cues may therefore potentially benefit receivers, or at least be worth following. Yet, bearing social cues could also be costly, particularly if it increases the likelihood of close-range interaction with non-kin. Here, we experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild onto focal individuals of the social hermit crab (<em>Coenobita compressus</em>), testing (1) the 'potential benefits to receivers' hypothesis, which predicts that receivers will follow social cues to orient towards valuable resources, and (2) the 'costs to bearers' hypothesis, which predicts that bearers of social cues will experience direct (physical) costs or indirect (constrained movement) costs due to interaction with receivers. Consistent with hypothesis (1), in natural encounters, conspecifics that crossed paths frequently made antennal contact, potentially gathering social information at close range. In experiments, naïve conspecifics followed focal individuals bearing 'positive' social cues (about a valuable food resource) significantly more often than they followed individuals bearing less attractive ('neutral' or 'ambivalent') social cues, pointing to a potential benefit. Consistent with hypothesis (2), individuals bearing positive social cues incurred greater direct and indirect costs, being physically flipped more often and achieving shorter displacements compared to individuals bearing other social cues. We conclude that experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild can confer costs to bearers and potentially benefit receivers. Broadly, the costs of bearing social cues, revealed here, underscore the importance of not overlooking that social cues may be costly.</p>
Data from: Large fitness benefits of social nesting in a small carpenter bee
<p>Facultatively social insects are an optimal model group for the study of the emergence of cooperation between individuals. Factors influencing the fitness benefits of social nesting are still debated. Non-reproductive subordinates can benefit from indirect fitness benefits due to increasing reproductive success of related individuals or direct fitness benefits due to direct future reproduction. Here, we studied the costs and benefits of social nesting in the small carpenter bee <em>Ceratina albosticta</em>. From demographic data and within-nest relatedness we obtained key parameters for assessing the fitness of solitary females, social primaries, and social secondaries. <em>C. albosticta</em> were found to usually mate with one male and multiple mating is not common although exists at low frequencies. Social nests usually contain two females, which were found to be related (full sisters), but also some females were unrelated to each other. Patterns of parentage from microsatellite loci revealed that only one female reproduces in social nests. Our results show that relatedness, per capita brood productivity, and offspring survival strongly increase the fitness benefits of social nesting strategies. Social secondaries, when related to the social primaries, have higher inclusive fitness than solitary females, but unrelated social nesting females had no indirect fitness and much reduced inclusive fitness compared to solitary females. Interestingly, average fitness benefits of the social secondary were higher than solitary females. This study provides important empirical data on the costs and benefits of sociality in a facultatively social bee and sets the stage for future comparative studies.</p>
Data from: Large fitness benefits of social nesting in a small carpenter bee
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Experimentally-seeded social cues in the wild: Costs to bearers and potential benefits to receivers
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Benefits of extended maternal care in a mass-provisioning bee at the cusp of sociality
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Data from: Direct fitness benefits and kinship of social foraging groups in an Old World tropical babbler
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Data from: The price of insurance: costs and benefits of worker production in a facultatively social bee
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.