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34 results for “Social Choice”
Social Decision-Making Risky Choice Task Dataset
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Supplemental Materials to Accompany: Abowd and Schmutte "An Economic Analysis of Privacy Protection and Statistical Accuracy as Social Choices"
<p>Materials to supplement "<a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20170627">An Economic Analysis of Privacy Protection and Statistical Accuracy as Social Choices</a>" by John Abowd and Ian Schmutte.</p>
Data from: How to use discrete choice experiments to capture stakeholder preferences in social work research
<p>The primary article (cited below under "Related works") introduces social work researchers to discrete choice experiments (DCEs) for studying stakeholder preferences. The article includes an online supplement with a worked example demonstrating DCE design and analysis with realistic simulated data. The worked example focuses on caregivers' priorities in choosing treatment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This dataset includes the scripts (and, in some cases, Excel files) that we used to identify appropriate experimental designs, simulate population and sample data, estimate sample size requirements for the multinomial logit (MNL, also known as conditional logit) and random parameter logit (RPL) models, estimate parameters using the MNL and RPL models, and analyze attribute importance, willingness to pay, and predicted uptake. It also includes the associated data files (experimental designs, data generation parameters, simulated population data and parameters, simulated choice data, MNL and RPL results, RPL sample size simulation results, and willingness-to-pay results) and images. The data could easily be analyzed using other software, and the code could easily be adapted to analyze other data. Because this dataset contains only simulated data, we are not aware of any legal or ethical considerations.</p>
Data from: Social ties drive post-fission group choice in blue monkeys
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Data from: How to use discrete choice experiments to capture stakeholder preferences in social work research
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Data from: Quantitative genetics of the use of conspecific and heterospecific social cues for breeding site choice
<p>Social information use for decision-making is common and affects ecological and evolutionary processes, including social aggregation, species coexistence and cultural evolution. Despite increasing ecological knowledge on social information use, very little is known about its genetic basis and therefore its evolutionary potential. Genetic variation in a trait affecting an individual's social and non-social environment may have important implications for population dynamics, interspecific interactions and for expression of other, environmentally plastic traits. We estimated repeatability, additive genetic variance and heritability of the use of conspecific and heterospecific social cues (abundance and breeding success) for breeding site choice in a population of wild collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis. Repeatability was found for two social cues: previous year conspecific breeding success and previous year heterospecific abundance. Yet, additive genetic variances for these two social cues, and thus heritabilities, were low. This suggests that most of the phenotypic variation in the use of social cues and resulting conspecific and heterospecific social environment experienced by individuals in this population stems from phenotypic plasticity. Given the important role of social information use on ecological and evolutionary processes, more studies on genetic versus environmental determinism of social information use are needed.</p>
Social learning by mate-choice copying increases dispersal and reduces local adaptation
<p class="MsoPlainText">1. In heterogeneous environments, dispersal may be hampered not only by direct costs, but also because immigrants may be locally maladapted. While maladaptation affects both sexes, this cost may be modulated in females if they express mate preferences that are either adaptive or maladaptive in the new local population.</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">2. Dispersal costs under local adaptation may be mitigated if it is possible to switch to expressing traits of locally adapted residents. In a sexual selection context, immigrant females may learn to mate with locally favoured males. Mate-choice copying is a type of social learning, where individuals, usually females, update their mating preferences after observing others mate. If it allows immigrant females to switch from maladapted to locally adapted preferences, their dispersal costs are mitigated as mate choice helps them create locally adapted offspring.</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">3. To study if copying can promote the evolution of dispersal, we created an individual-based model to simulate the coevolution of four traits: copying, dispersal, a trait relevant for local adaptation, and female preference. We contrast two scenarios with copying — either unconditional, or conditional such that only dispersers copy — with a control scenario that lacks any copying.</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">4. We show copying to lead to higher dispersal, especially if copying is conditionally expressed. This leads to an increase in gene flow between patches and, consequently, a decrease in local adaptation and trait-preference correlations.</p> <p class="MsoPlainText">5. While our study is phrased with female preference as the learned trait, one may generally expect social learning to mitigate dispersal costs, with consequent feedback effects on the spatial dynamics of adaptation.</p>
Novel Science communication – how to build public health knowledge across the social gradient. The Healthy Choices Project (WP5).
<p>Everyday life consists of hundreds of choices of which many may have an impact on our health. The citizens of the modern Nordic welfare states are in general well-educated and thus can be assumed to know what is best for them. Despite this our health care systems face an increasing burden of lifestyle related diseases and there is a difference across the social gradient. Here building public health knowledge through communication is key. The reason for people making unhealthy choices are many and can be that; they do not know what is good for them (lack information) or do not understand (lack understanding) or do not care (carelessness). However it seems likely that it is more complex than that. Maybe they do not receive the information, because gets conveyed through channels that they do not consult or maybe the format of the message does not ‘click’? Could it be, that ‘one media message or channel does not fit all’? </p> <p>Over the last decades there has been an increased focus from both scientists themselves and politicians to scientific and practical field of ‘science communication’. Consequently, various advanced modes of communicating e.g. health issues to the general populations have been developed, and today scholars of Mass Media term this development the ‘scientification’ of media. Furthermore, media and information availability has exploded since the emergence of the Internet in the early 1990s. Research has indicated that social gradient also is a factor affecting a person’s media consumption and habit. </p> <p>In the healthy choices project we aim through novel methods to learn more about these challenges and at the develop new methods of conveying public health knowledge to enable people to make healthier choices across the social gradient. We have so far built a framework for this including a science group, consisting of public health experts, and a communication group consisting of experienced science communicators. The Science group is consulted about risk factors and health endpoints and what to prioritize. Two PhD students will be involved in; 1) assessing media consumption and usage related to health issues across social classes (Low social gradient versus high social gradient) and across the generational gap (young and elderly) and 2) develop and test various media message formats for target groups including considerations of the social gradient. This project will provide new understanding on how to communicate public health messages and reduce social inequalities in health.</p> <p> </p>
On the use of private versus social information in oviposition site choice decisions by Drosophila melanogaster females
<p>Individuals are faced with decisions throughout their lifetimes, and the choices they make often have important consequences towards their fitness. Being able to discern which available option is best to pursue often incurs sampling costs, which may be largely avoided by copying the behaviour and decisions of others. Although social learning and copying behaviours are widespread, much remains unknown about how effective and adaptive copying behaviour is, as well as the factors that underlie its expression. Recently, it has been suggested that since female fruit flies (<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>) appear to rely heavily on public information when selecting oviposition sites, they are a promising model system for researching patch-choice copying, and more generally, the mechanisms that control decision-making. Here, we set out to determine how well female distinguish between socially-produced cues, and whether females are using 'relevant' signals when choosing an oviposition site. We found that females showed a strong preference for ovipositing on media patches that had been previously occupied by ovipositing females of the same species and diet over other female outgroups. However, in a separate assay, we observed that females favoured ovipositing on media patches that previously housed virgin males over those exhibiting alternative conspecific signals. Our results confirm that females use cues left behind by other flies when choosing between potential oviposition sites, though their prioritization of these signals raises serious questions as to whether fruit flies are employing copying behaviour, or are instead responding to signals that may not be of relevance to oviposition site suitability.</p>
Replication package for: DEMAND AND WELFARE ANALYSIS IN DISCRETE CHOICE MODELS WITH SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
<p>This replication package includes the dataset and stata code needed to produce the empirical results in the paper.</p>
Social learning by mate-choice copying increases dispersal and reduces local adaptation
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Data from: Quantitative genetics of the use of conspecific and heterospecific social cues for breeding site choice
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
On the use of private versus social information in oviposition site choice decisions by Drosophila melanogaster females
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Strong and weak cross-sex correlations govern the quantitative-genetic architecture of social group choice in Drosophila melanogaster
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>When genotypes differ in niche-constructing traits, genotypes are expected to differ in which environments they experience, providing a novel causal relationship between genotypes, environments, and behavior. Such genetic variation in niche construction (or, more precisely, environment construction) is predicted to be especially important for social environments, yet the quantitative-genetic parameters governing such variation is still poorly understood. Here, we examine genetic variation and cross-sex genetic correlations for social environment-constructing behaviors. We focus on whether genetic variation in patch use—the tendency to spend time near food patches where conspecifics may be present—and group-size preference—the specific group size chosen when individuals are affiliating—is correlated or decoupled across sexes in the fruit fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Across three choice treatments, we find genotype and sex differences in how much time individuals spend near patches, and which group sizes they prefer. We find that the genetic basis of patch use is strongly coupled across sexes, whereas the genetic basis of group-size preference is completely <i>de</i>coupled across sexes. We discuss how these findings augment and complicate our understanding of the evolutionary genetics of social behaviors.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: A human subcortical network underlying social avoidance revealed by risky economic choices
Social interactions have a major impact on well-being. While many individuals actively seek social situations, others avoid them, at great cost to their private and professional life. The neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in social approach or avoidance tendencies are poorly understood. Here we estimated people's subjective value of engaging in a social situation. In each trial, more or less socially anxious participants chose between an interaction with a human partner providing social feedback and a monetary amount. With increasing social anxiety, the subjective value of social engagement decreased; amygdala BOLD response during decision-making and when experiencing social feedback increased; ventral striatum BOLD response to positive social feedback decreased; and connectivity between these regions during decision-making increased. Amygdala response was negatively related to the subjective value of social engagement. These findings suggest a relation between trait social anxiety / social avoidance and activity in a subcortical network during social decision-making.
Data from: Promiscuity resolves constraints on social mate choice imposed by population viscosity
Population viscosity can have major consequences for adaptive evolution, in particular for phenotypes involved in social interactions. For example, population viscosity increases the probability of mating with close kin, resulting in selection for mechanisms that circumvent the potential negative consequences of inbreeding. Female promiscuity is often suggested to be one such mechanism. However, whether avoidance of genetically similar partners is a major selective force shaping patterns of promiscuity remains poorly supported by empirical data. Here, we show (i) that fine-scale genetic structure constrains social mate choice in a pair-bonding lizard, resulting in individuals pairing with genetically similar individuals, (ii) that these constraints are circumvented by multiple mating with less related individuals and (iii) that this results in increased heterozygosity of offspring. Despite this, we did not detect any significant effects of heterozygosity on offspring or adult fitness or a strong relationship between pair relatedness and female multiple mating. We discuss these results within the context of incorporating the genetic context dependence of mating strategies into a holistic understanding of mating system evolution.
Data from: Genetic effects on mating success and partner choice in a social mammal
Mating behavior has profound consequences for two phenomena - individual reproductive success and the maintenance of species boundaries - that contribute to evolutionary processes. Studies of mating behavior in relation to individual reproductive success are common in many species, but studies of mating behavior in relation to genetic variation and species boundaries are less commonly conducted in socially complex species. Here, we leveraged extensive observations of a wild yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) population that has experienced recent gene flow from a close sister taxon, the anubis baboon (Papio anubis), to examine how admixture-related genetic background affects mating behavior. We identified novel effects of genetic background on mating patterns, including an advantage accruing to anubis-like males and assortative mating among both yellow-like and anubis-like pairs. These genetic effects acted alongside social dominance rank, inbreeding avoidance, and age to produce highly nonrandom mating patterns. Our results suggest that this population may be undergoing admixture-related evolutionary change, driven in part by nonrandom mating. However, the strength of the genetic effects is mediated by behavioral plasticity and social interactions, emphasizing the strong influence of social context on mating behavior in socially complex species.
Data from: Exploring foraging decisions in a social primate using discrete choice models
There is a growing appreciation of the multiple social and nonsocial factors influencing the foraging behavior of social animals, but little understanding of how these factors depend on habitat characteristics or individual traits. This partly reflects the difficulties inherent in using conventional statistical techniques to analyze multi-factor, multi-context foraging decisions. Discrete choice models provide a way to do so, and we demonstrate this by using them to investigate patch preference in a wild population of social foragers (chacma baboons, Papio ursinus). Data were collected from 29 adults across two social groups encompassing 683 foraging decisions over a six-month period, and the results interpreted using an information theoretic approach. Baboon foraging decisions were influenced by multiple nonsocial and social factors, and were often contingent on the characteristics of the habitat or individual. Differences in decision-making between habitats were consistent with changes in interference competition costs but not changes in social foraging benefits. Individual differences in decision-making were suggestive of a trade-off between dominance rank and social capital. Our findings emphasize that taking a multi-factor, multi-context approach is important to fully understand animal decision-making. We also demonstrate how discrete choice models can be used to achieve this.
The Influence of Music Choice on Pain Tolerance in the Context of Social Background
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06008951. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
Effect of Availability of COVID-19 Testing on Choice to Isolate and Socially Distance
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04459520. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.