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41 results for “Social Distancing”
Supplementary material for "Playback experiments highlight the importance of nearest-neighbor distance and social information for nest site selection in the House Martin (Delichon urbicum)"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Understanding nest site selection is crucial for species conservation. Bird conservation often involves installing nesting aids to increase nest site availability and induce colonization of unoccupied sites. However, prospecting individuals must find nesting aids, which may be facilitated by social information. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of artificial nests and playback in the declining, migratory House Martin <em>Delichon urbicum</em>. We selected unoccupied sites with artificial nests along a distance gradient to occupied sites and broadcasted conspecific vocalizations during prospection times of House Martins in both the post- and the following pre-breeding periods. Visitation and colonization rates increased considerably in proximity to occupied sites. Playback during the post-breeding and pre-breeding periods enhanced visitation rates, while pre-breeding-only and post-breeding-only playback had smaller positive effects. Colonization rate increased exclusively with pre-breeding-only playback. Colonized playback and non-playback sites had similar breeding success, indicating that playback did not create ecological traps by attracting House Martins to suboptimal sites. Hence, broadcasting conspecific vocalizations informs prospecting birds of nest site availability, thereby increasing visitation, and to some degree, colonization of unoccupied House Martin sites. To boost colonization, we recommend installing artificial House Martin nests within approximately 500 meters of occupied sites and using playback of conspecific vocalizations.</p>
Data from: Understanding the social dynamics of breeding phenology: indirect genetic effects and assortative mating in a long distance migrant
Phenological traits, such as the timing of reproduction, are often influenced by social interactions between paired individuals. Such partner effects may occur when pair members affect each other's pre-breeding environment. Partner effects can be environmentally and/or genetically determined, and quantifying direct and indirect genetic effects is important for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of phenological traits. Here, using 26 years of data from a pedigreed population of a migratory seabird, the common tern ( Sterna hirundo ), we investigate male and female effects on female laying date. We find that female laying date harbors both genetic and environmental variation, and is additionally influenced by the environmental, and, to a lower extent, genetic, component of her mate. We demonstrate this partner effect to be largely explained by male arrival date. Interestingly, analyses of mating patterns with respect to arrival date show mating to be strongly assortative and, using simulations, we show that this assortative mating for arrival date leads to overestimation of partner effects. Our study provides evidence for partner effects on breeding phenology in a long distance migrant, while uncovering the potential causal pathways underlying the observed effects and raising awareness for confounding effects due to assortative mating or other common environmental effects.
Data from: Seasonal food scarcity prompts long-distance foraging by a wild social bee
Foraging is an essential process for mobile animals and its optimization serves as a foundational theory in ecology and evolution; however, drivers of foraging are rarely investigated across landscapes and seasons. Using a common bumble bee species from the Western US (Bombus vosnesenskii), we ask if seasonal decreases in food resources prompt changes in foraging behavior and space use. We employ a unique integration of population genetic tools and spatially-explicit foraging models to estimate foraging distances and rates of patch visitation for wild bumble bee colonies across three study regions and two seasons. By mapping the locations of 669 wild-caught individual foragers, we find substantial variation in colony-level foraging distances, often exhibiting a 60-fold difference within a study region. Our analysis of visitation rates indicates that foragers display a preference for high-cover destination patches and forage significantly further for these patches, but only in the summer, when landscape-level resources are low. Overall, these results indicate that an increasing proportion of long-distance foraging bouts take place in the summer. As pollinators, the foraging dynamics of wild bees are of urgent concern given the potential impacts of global change on their movement and services. The behavioral shift towards long-distance foraging with seasonal declines in food resources suggests a novel phenologically-directed approach to landscape-level pollinator conservation and increased evaluation of late-season floral resources.
Distances between Brazilian Social Housing and Urban Services
<p>This database presents the results of a survey conducted through research using the Google Maps Platform API for grocery stores, drugstores, bank branches, lottery agencies, public schools, health centers, and parks services in a sample of 2241 social housing developments built under Brazilian government programs. It was developed to evaluate the quality of urban insertion of social housing by the HabLabEEE project.</p> <p>Esta base de dados apresenta os resultados de um levantamento realizado por meio de pesquisa com API do Google Maps Platform por serviços de mercado, farmácia, banco, lotérica, escola pública, posto de saúde e parque em uma amostra de 2241 conjuntos habitacionais construídos no âmbito de programas governamentais brasileiros. Foi desenvolvida para avaliar a qualidade da inserção urbana das HIS brasileiras pelo projeto HabLabEEE.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Does the social distancing measures impact collaboration in software processes?
<p>Context: Social distancing measures to reduce the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic bring challenges for several organizations<br> and their Information Systems (IS). Problem: Social distancing were suddenly implemented, with no adequate planning. Furthermore, there is not a clear understanding of the impacts of social distancing measures on the software development teams’ work. Solution: This study aims to identify the presence and impacts of social distancing on collaboration between people, as well as<br> on activities and technologies used in software development, from the perspective of professionals who work in software development teams. IS Theory: The research was developed under the aegis of the Team Resilience Theory. Method: A field study was conducted based on structured interviews and qualitative analysis. Results: In general, it was observed no impact on the software processes activities, although their performance was affected. It was also observed that the impact on the collaboration dynamics in software development was perceived in different ways, by several team members. This study identified the most common tools used by organizations, as well as the benefits and challenges of collaboration in software development after social distancing measures. Contribution: The impacts of social distancing on collaboration in software development were identified, reinforcing the Team Resilience Theory and similar study conducted in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study contributes to the Grand Research Challenge "Systemic and Socially Aware Perspective for Information Systems".</p>
Supplementary material for "Sounding Obstacles for Social Distance Sonification".
<p>Supplementary material for the paper "Sounding Obstacles for social distance Sonification": Three videos (FmodI, FmodD, and NoFS) demonstrating three experimental conditions and 16 simulated videos (DD 01 - SS 06) presenting scenarios used in the experiment.</p>
Global expansion of a solitary-social tropical spitting spider shaped by multiple long-distance dispersals
<p>The spitting spider Scytodes fusca is well known species complex for its unusual hunting technique which involves spitting a venomous sticky silken substance over its prey. Previous studies supposed that S. fusca was native to Central and Southern America but had been expanded to the tropics of almost every continent. We aimed to test the hypothesis of a Neotropical origin for this spider followed by a secondary dispersal to other regions, and to discuss how population expansion occurred in the tropics was driven. We investigated the population structure and spatiotemporal biogeography of the species complex through a culmination of a 22-year comprehensive global sampling using the mitochondrial and nuclear loci (COI, 16S, 18S, 28S, H3 and ITS2). The S. fusca species complex is divided into two clades. One clade comprises the haplotypes from Australasian regions and a haplotype from Baja Peninsula, Mexico. The other is composed of the haplotypes from all analyzed regions including Asia, Australia, the Americas and Madagascar. The Americas and Madagascar populations exhibit a lower genetic diversity compared with the Australasian population, and both have different population demographic histories. The initial divergence within the species complex started during the early Miocene. Diversifications of both clades occurred during the late Miocene. One haplotype was recently and widely dispersed into Southeast Asia, South Asia, Australia, the Americas and Madagascar. Our results elucidate the global spread history of the S. fusca species complex, suggesting a Malay Archipelago origin, two expansion routes, and its multiple dispersals into the Americas that stem from a common native source population, as well as from Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, or Turks and Caicos bridgeheads. Our data support that the expansion of the S. fusca species complex from Australasia to America and Madagascar was facilitated by long-distance jump dispersal events.</p>
Data from: Understanding the social dynamics of breeding phenology: indirect genetic effects and assortative mating in a long distance migrant
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Data from: Local adaptation, geographical distance and phylogenetic relatedness: assessing the drivers of siderophore-mediated social interactions in natural bacterial communities
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Data from: Seasonal food scarcity prompts long-distance foraging by a wild social bee
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Global expansion of a solitary-social tropical spitting spider shaped by multiple long-distance dispersals
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US State Social Distancing Intervention Dates (valid to 4/25/20)
<p>This dataset contains dates for the implementations of the following interventions in 50 US states plus Shelby County TN in response to COVID-19. Each intervention date has an associated comment containing sources for that date and a rationale when the decision was not strictly objective. Interventions are valid to 4/25/20 after which some states began to reverse some interventions.</p> <ul> <li>schools_universities <ul> <li>Primary/secondary school closing; partial closing is OK; State university closing if it precedes primary/secondary</li> </ul> </li> <li>travel_restrictions <ul> <li>Out of state travel quarantine restrictions OR state-level guidance to avoid traveling out of state</li> </ul> </li> <li>public_events <ul> <li>Banning of ALL public events of more than 100 participants</li> </ul> </li> <li>sport <ul> <li>Banning/canceling of sporting events. Banning of public events of 1000 or more also qualifies.</li> </ul> </li> <li>lockdown <ul> <li>Definitions vary, but include: banning of non-essential gatherings/business operations, ordering stay at home except for exercise and essential tasks; stay at home/safer at home orders</li> <li>Lockdown encompasses all other intervensions by definition, so if a state skips multiple interventions and goes to lockdown, the lockdown date is used for those interventions as well.</li> </ul> </li> <li>social_distancing_encouraged <ul> <li>State advice on distancing including: work from home, reduce public transport, avoid non-essential contact; any guidance for maintaining a physical distance from others will also qualify. Mere words "social distancing" do not count unless they are elaborated with what that means in practice. Messaging must be to public and not selected group (e.g. state employees).</li> </ul> </li> <li>self_isolating_if_ill <ul> <li>Strong recommendations/laws about self-isolating if showing COVID like symptoms; Statewide testing implies this, so whichever comes first. Messaging must be to public and not selected group (e.g. state employees).</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Replication package for «Business disruptions from social distancing»
<p>Replication package for</p> <blockquote> <p>Koren, Miklós and Rita Pető. Business disruptions from social distancing; PLoS ONE 2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239113">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239113</a> </p> </blockquote>
Data from: Habitat features and long-distance dispersal modify the use of social information by a long-distance migratory bird
1. The processes by which individuals select breeding sites have important consequences for individual tness as well as population- and community-dynamics. Although there is increasing evidence that many animal species use information acquired from conspecics to assess the suitability of potential breeding sites, little is known about how the use of this social information is modified by biotic and abiotic conditions. 2. We used an automated playback experiment to simulate two types of social information, post-breeding public information and pre-breeding location cues, to determine the relative importance of these cues for breeding site selection by a migratory songbird, the American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). In addition, we used stable hydrogen isotopes to determine the dispersal status of individuals that responded to our experimental treatments and quantify whether long-distance dispersers use different social cues to select breeding sites compared to philopatric individuals. 3. We found that points that received pre-breeding location cue treatments were signi cantly more likely to be settled by redstarts than control points that received no playback. However, we found no evidence the redstarts used post-breeding public information gathered during one season to select breeding sites the following year. Breeding site habitat structure was also a strong predictor of settlement probability, indicating that redstarts modi ed the use of social information based on habitat cues. Furthermore, stable hydrogen isotope signatures from individuals that responded to location cue treatments suggest that long-distance dispersers may rely more heavily on these cues than local recruits. 4. Collectively, these results indicate that redstarts use multiple sources of information to select breeding sites, which could buffer individuals from selecting suboptimal sites when they breed in unfamiliar locations or when habitat quality becomes decoupled from social cues.
Ranavirus infection-induced avoidance behavior in wood frog juveniles: Do amphibians socially distance?
<p>Hosts may limit exposure to pathogens through changes in behavior, such as avoiding infected individuals or contaminated areas. Here, we tested for a behavioral response to ranavirus infection in juvenile wood frogs (<em>Rana sylvatica</em>) because the majority of dispersal between populations occurs during this life stage. We hypothesized that if infections are transmissible and detectable at this life stage, then susceptibles would display avoidance behaviors when introduced to an infected conspecific. Despite no apparent signs of infection, we observed a greater distance between susceptible-infected pairs, compared to pairs of either two infected or two susceptible animals. Further, distances between susceptible-infected pairs were positively related to the infection intensity of the focal exposed frog, suggesting the cue to avoid infected conspecifics may become more detectable with more intense infections. Although we did not quantify whether transmission was affected by their distancing, our findings suggest that juvenile frogs have the potential to reduce terrestrial transmission of ranaviruses through avoidance behaviors.</p>
Analyzing evolutionary game theory in epidemic management: A study on social distancing and mask-wearing strategies
<p>When combating a respiratory disease outbreak, the effectiveness of protective measures hinges on spontaneous shifts in human behavior driven by risk perception and careful cost-benefit analysis. In this study, a novel concept has been introduced, integrating social distancing and mask-wearing strategies into a unified framework that combines evolutionary game theory with an extended classical epidemic model. To yield deeper insights into human decision-making during COVID-19, we integrate both the prevalent dilemma faced at the epidemic's onset regarding mask-wearing and social distancing practices, along with a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. We explore the often-overlooked aspect of effective mask adoption among undetected infectious individuals to evaluate the significance of source control. Both undetected and detected infectious individuals can significantly reduce the risk of infection for non-masked individuals by wearing effective facemasks. When the economic burden of mask usage becomes unsustainable in the community, promoting affordable and safe social distancing becomes vital in slowing the epidemic's progress, allowing crucial time for public health preparedness. In contrast, as the indirect expenses associated with safe social distancing escalate, affordable and effective facemask usage could be a feasible option. In our analysis, it was observed that during periods of heightened infection risk, there is a noticeable surge in public interest and dedication to complying with social distancing measures. However, its impact diminishes beyond a certain disease transmission threshold, as this strategy cannot completely eliminate the disease burden in the community. Maximum public compliance with social distancing and mask-wearing strategies can be achieved when they are affordable for the community. While implementing both strategies together could ultimately reduce the epidemic's effective reproduction number (Re) to below one, countries still have the flexibility to prioritize either of them, easing strictness on the other based on their socio-economic conditions.</p>
'Social distancing' between plants may amplify coastal restoration at early stage
<p>This dataset contains data and codes from three field experiments described in the paper: "Hao Huang, Chi Xu and Quan-Xing Liu. (2021) 'Social distancing' between plants may amplify coastal restoration at early stage, <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652664">Journal of Applied Ecology</a>, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14044">10.1111/1365-2664.14044</a>". </p> <p>The experiment investigates the effects of a factorial combination of three factors: above-ground spatial configurea and below-ground connectivity with low- and high-elevation environmental stress. We test the two species (Scirpus and Spartina) on performance such as colonization, growth rate, as well as survival rate at one growth season. </p> <p><span>Abstract for published article: </span></p> <p><span>"Ecological restoration is crucial to counteract the degradation of coastal ecosystems. Recent studies increasingly suggest that coastal restoration success can be amplified by harnessing positive interactions between individuals of foundation species, with clumped spatial designs as an easy-to-implement approach. However, positive interactions are strongly context-dependent, making it often difficult to tell a priori if clumped configurations would necessarily enhance survival and growth. Another uncertainty is that the relevance of below-ground spatial configuration remains unclear. Here, using the clonal plant species <i>Scirpus mariqueter</i> as the material, we conducted a full-factorial transplanting experiment mimicking short-term restoration of coastal vegetation to test for the effects of above-ground spatial pattern and below-ground (rhizome) connectance on restoration efficiency. An unexpected finding is that clumped above-ground spatial patterns and high below-ground rhizome connectance resulted in lower restoration efficiency for <i>Scirpus</i>, reflected by lower recolonization rates and vegetation cover. Such effect of spatial configuration was especially pronounced during the early post-transplantation stage, and was robust in both high and low wave-stressed conditions. Particularly, the recolonization rate in the clumped treatment was only about half of that in the random and regular treatments for <i>Scirpus </i>in the 4 weeks after the transplantation<i>. </i>The stark contrast between our results and previous work may be explained by the differences in plant traits that can substantially shape the net outcomes of plant-plant interactions. </span>Our work highlights the necessity of considerations on biotic attributes for restoration designs by means of harnessing positive interactions, and advances the applications of facilitation theory in ecological restoration practices."</p>
Effect of Availability of COVID-19 Testing on Choice to Isolate and Socially Distance
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04459520. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
"Increasing Physical Activity in Canadian Adults Affected by COVID-19 Social Distancing Restrictions: A Feasibility Trial of an Online Intervention"
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04400305. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Stay Well at Home: a Text-messaging Study Social Distancing
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04473599. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.