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157 results for “Social structure”
Data from: Multifaceted density dependence: Social structure and seasonality effects on Serengeti lion demography
<p>This dataset contains the data and R scripts to estimate the survival, transition, and detection probabilities (Lions_Survival_Transition_MultistateCMRModel.zip) as well as the probability of reproduction and recruitment to 1 year old (Lions_Reproduction_Recruitment_GLMM.zip) in a population of African lions (<em>Panthera leo</em>) monitored between 1984 and 2014 in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.</p> <p>We assessed the season-specific effects of density measures at the intra- (number of females in a pride and male coalition size) and extra-group levels (number of nomadic coalitions in the home range of a group) using a Bayesian multistate capture-mark-recapture model for the survival and transition rates and Bayesian generalized linear mixed models for reproduction probability and recruitment. <br><br>The README file further describes each uploaded file.</p>
Data from: Social complexity affects cognitive abilities but not brain structure in a Poecilid fish
<p>Some cognitive abilities are suggested to be the result of a complex social life, allowing individuals to achieve higher fitness through advanced strategies. However, most evidence is correlative. Here, we provide an experimental investigation of how group size and composition affect brain and cognitive development in the guppy (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>). For six months, we reared sexually mature females in one of three social treatments: a small conspecific group of three guppies, a large heterospecific group of three guppies and three splash tetras (<em>Copella arnoldi</em>) – a species that co-occurs with the guppy in the wild, and a large conspecific group of six guppies. We then tested the guppies' performance in self-control (inhibitory control), operant conditioning (associative learning), and cognitive flexibility (reversal learning) tasks. Using X-ray imaging, we measured their brain size and major brain regions. Larger groups of six individuals, both conspecific and heterospecific groups, showed better cognitive flexibility than smaller groups, but no difference in self-control and operant conditioning tests. Interestingly, while social manipulation had no significant effect on brain morphology, relatively larger telencephalons were associated with better cognitive flexibility. This suggests alternative mechanisms beyond brain region size enabled greater cognitive flexibility in individuals from larger groups. Although there is no clear evidence for the impact on brain morphology, our research shows that living in larger social groups can enhance cognitive flexibility. This indicates that the social environment plays a role in the cognitive development of guppies.</p>
Data and code for: A supergene controlling social structure in Alpine ants also affects the dispersal ability and fecundity of each sex
<p>Social organisation, dispersal and fecundity co-evolve, but whether they are genetically linked remains little known. Supergenes are prime candidates for coupling adaptive traits and mediating sex-specific trade-offs. Here, we test whether a supergene that controls social structure in <em>Formica selysi</em> also influences dispersal-related traits and fecundity within each sex. In this ant species, single-queen colonies contain only the ancestral supergene haplotype <em>M</em> and produce<em> MM</em> queens and <em>M</em> males, while multi-queen colonies contain the derived haplotype <em>P</em> and produce <em>MP </em>queens, <em>PP</em> queens, and <em>P</em> males. By combining multiple experiments, we show that the <em>M </em>haplotype induces phenotypes with higher dispersal potential and higher fecundity, for both sexes. Specifically, <em>MM</em> queens, <em>MP</em> queens, and <em>M </em>males are more aerodynamic and more fecund than <em>PP </em>queens and <em>P</em> males, respectively. Differences between <em>MP</em> and <em>PP</em> queens from the same colonies reveal a direct genetic effect of the supergene on dispersal-related traits and fecundity. The derived haplotype <em>P</em>, associated with multi-queen colonies, produces queens and males with reduced dispersal abilities and lower fecundity. More broadly, similarities between the <em>Formica </em>and <em>Solenopsis</em> systems reveal that supergenes play a major role in linking behavioural, morphological, and physiological traits associated with intraspecific social polymorphisms.</p>
Group composition of individual personalities alters social network structure in experimental populations of forked fungus beetles
<p><span>Social network structure is a critical group character that mediates the flow of information, pathogens, and resources among individuals in a population, yet little is known about what shapes social structures. In this study, we experimentally tested whether social network structure depends on the personalities of group members. Replicate groups of forked fungus beetles (<i>Bolitotherus cornutus</i>) were engineered to include only members previously assessed as either more social or less social. We found that individuals behaved consistently across social contexts, exhibiting repeatable numbers of interactions and numbers of partners. At the group level, networks composed of more social individuals had higher interaction rates, higher tie density, higher global clustering, and shorter average shortest paths than those composed of less social individuals. We highlight group composition of personalities as a source of variance in group traits and a potential mechanism by which networks could evolve.</span></p>
Triggering Sustainable Biogas Energy Communities through Social Innovation- ISABEL ---- Social Innovation and Community energy best preactices, methods and tools across Europe ----Semi-structured interviews from communities
<p>Having identified through the literature review various success and failure factors for social innovation applied to community energy projects, ISABEL has further conducted 18 semi-structured interviews of a range of stakeholders. The interviewee sample was a convenience sample of participants in existing projects and thus, inevitably, they are able to speak more to successful than unsuccessful projects and they likely have had less exposure to obstacles to the success of their projects. T The interviews have focused on identifying answers to the questions: <em>What were the key success factors? What obstacles were overcome? How? Participants were also asked to specify the type of renewable energy and community energy model. </em></p>
Data from: Personality and social network structure influence cooperative dynamics across canid species
<p>In canids, cooperative behaviour occurs in many scenarios. However, most studies focus on single-species observations, not accounting for variation beyond the species-level. We modelled cooperative behaviour using Eigenvalue centrality as well as boldness combined with biological traits such as kinship, sex, age, mating system and foraging strategy in multiple canid species with Bayesian inference, Tukey HSD and distance correlation.</p>
Data for: Similar environmental cues guide timing of breeding and seasonal shifts in songbird social structure
<p>Seasonally breeding animals often exhibit different social structures during non-breeding and breeding periods that coincide with seasonal environmental variation. Therefore, ongoing climate change may play an important role in determining the future structure of animal societies, especially if climate determines when seasonal shifts in social structure occur. However, we know little about the environmental cues that determine the timing of seasonal shifts in social structure, a lack of knowledge that contrasts with our well-defined knowledge of the environmental cues that trigger a shift to breeding physiology in seasonally breeding species. Here we tested whether the environmental cues that drive seasonal shifts in social structure are similar to those that determine timing of breeding in the red-backed fairywren (<em>Malurus melanocephalus</em>), an Australian songbird. Social network analyses revealed that social groups, which are highly territorial during the breeding season, interact in social "communities" on larger ranges during the non-breeding season. Interactions among non-breeding groups were related to rainfall, with more rainfall leading to reductions in home range size and fewer interactions among non-breeding social groups. Similarly, onset of breeding was also determined by rainfall during the non-breeding season, with greater rainfall leading to earlier breeding. These findings reveal that for some species, the cues that determine the timing of shifts in social structure across seasonal boundaries can be similar to those that determine timing of breeding. This study increases our understanding of how social structure and the selection pressures that result from different social structures might respond to changing climates.</p>
Data and code from: Shifting social-ecological fire regimes explain increasing structure loss from Western wildfires
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Higuera, P.E., M.C. Cook, J.K. Balch, E.N. Stavros, A.L. Mahood, and L.A. St. Denis. 2023. Shifting social-ecological fire regimes explain increasing structure loss from Western wildfires. PNAS Nexus 2: In Press.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Structure loss is an acute, costly impact of the wildfire crisis in the western United States ("West"), motivating the need to understand recent trends and causes. We document a 246% rise in West-wide structure loss from wildfires between 1999–2009 and 2010–2020, driven strongly by events in 2017, 2018, and 2020. Increased structure loss was not due to increased area burned alone. Wildfires became significantly more destructive, with a 160% higher structure loss rate (loss/kha burned) over the past decade. Structure loss was driven primarily by wildfires from unplanned human-related ignitions (e.g. backyard burning, power lines, etc.), which accounted for 76% of all structure loss and resulted in 10 times more structures destroyed per unit area burned compared to lightning-ignited fires. Annual structure loss was well explained by area burned from human-related ignitions, while decadal structure loss was explained by state-level structure abundance in flammable vegetation. Both predictors increased over recent decades and likely interacted with increased fuel aridity to drive structure-loss trends. While states are diverse in patterns and trends, nearly all experienced more burning from human-related ignitions and/or higher structure loss rates, particularly California, Washington, and Oregon. Our findings highlight how fire regimes – characteristics of fire over space and time – are fundamentally social-ecological phenomena. By resolving the diversity of Western fire regimes, our work informs regionally appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies. With millions of structures with high fire risk, reducing human-related ignitions and rethinking how we build are critical for preventing future wildfire disasters.</span></p>
Group composition of individual personalities alters social network structure in experimental populations of forked fungus beetles
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Early insight into social network structure predicts climbing the social ladder
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Evolutionary advantage of guilt: Co-evolution of social and non-social guilt in structured populations
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Data and code from: Shifting social-ecological fire regimes explain increasing structure loss from Western wildfires
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Data and code for: A supergene controlling social structure in Alpine ants also affects the dispersal ability and fecundity of each sex
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Data from: Photoperiod and rainfall are associated with seasonal shifts in social structure in a songbird
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Data from: Social complexity affects cognitive abilities but not brain structure in a Poecilid fish
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Dynamic shifts in social network structure and composition within a breeding hybrid population
1. Mating behavior and the timing of reproduction can inhibit genetic exchange between closely related species; however, these reproductive barriers are challenging to measure within natural populations. Social network analysis provides promising tools for studying the social context of hybridization, and the exchange of genetic variation, more generally. 2. We test how social networks within a hybrid population of California (Callipepla californica) and Gambel's quail (Callipepla gambelii) change over discrete periods of a breeding season. We assess patterns of phenotypic and genotypic assortment, and ask whether altered associations between individuals (association rewiring), or changes to the composition of the population (individual turnover) drive network dynamics. We use genetic data to test whether social associations and relatedness between individuals correlate with patterns of parentage within the hybrid population. 3. To achieve these aims, we combine RFID association data, phenotypic data, and genomic measures with social network analyses. We adopt methods from the ecological network literature to quantify shifts in network structure and to partition changes into those due to individual turnover and association rewiring. We integrate genomic data into networks as node-level attributes (ancestry) and edges (relatedness, parentage) to test links between social and parentage networks. 4. We show that rewiring of associations between individuals that persist across network periods, rather than individual turnover, drives the majority of the changes in network structure throughout the breeding season, and that the traits involved in phenotypic/genotypic assortment were highly dynamic over time. Social networks were randomly assorted based upon genetic ancestry, suggesting weak behavioral reproductive isolation within this hybrid population. Finally, we show that the strength of associations within the social network, but not levels of genetic relatedness, predict patterns of parentage. 5. Social networks play an important role in population processes such as the transmission of disease and information, yet there has been less focus on how networks influence the exchange of genetic variation. By integrating analyses of social structure, phenotypic assortment, and reproductive outcomes within a hybrid zone, we demonstrate the utility of social networks for analyzing links between social context and gene flow within wild populations. 08-Jul-2020
Social network structure is robust to parasite induced changes in contact behavior of domestic sheep
<p>Understanding how parasitism may affect social behavior and social networks is key to understanding the impact of infection on a population. Infection can disrupt social networks by altering the behavior of both infected individuals (e.g. by reducing activity) and the behavior of uninfected individuals (e.g. avoiding sick individuals), both of which can <span>have an impact on social group dynamics and parasite transmission</span>. Here we test experimentally how parasitism affects social contact behavior and social network structure using a common parasite infection of sheep. Three treatment groups, each with 4 replicate social groups were established (i) Parasitised; all lambs were infected with a parasitic nematode, (ii) Non-parasitised; all lambs remained uninfected (iii) Mixed; part of each group were infected, and part of the group remained uninfected. Contact behaviours of each individual were recorded using proximity loggers during four phases of infection (pre-parasite, pre-patent, patent-parasite, post-parasite). We found infected individuals in the parasitised and mixed groups reduced contact frequency following infection. Infected individuals in mixed groups however reduced contact frequency to a greater extent than infected animals in the fully parasitised group. D<span>espite the reduction in contacts between infected animals in the mixed group, the social network structure was unaffected, as non-infected individuals maintained pre-parasite levels of social interactions with their infected conspecifics. </span><span>These results demonstrate </span>how infection can impact the social behavior of all animals within a group, and how the expression of behavioral change may depend on the parasitic status of all group members and the response of uninfected conspecifics.</p>
Data from: Social networks reveal sex- and age-patterned social structure in Butler's Gartersnakes
<p>Sex- and age-based social structures have been well-documented in animals with visible aggregations. However, very little is known about the social structures of snakes. This is most likely because snakes are often considered non-social animals and are particularly difficult to observe in the wild. Here, we show that wild Butler's Gartersnakes have an age and sex assorted social structure similar to more commonly studied social animals. To demonstrate this, we use data from a 12-year capture-mark-recapture study to identify social interactions using social network analyses. We find that the social structures of Butler's Gartersnakes comprise sex- and age-assorted intra-species communities with older females often central and age segregation partially due to patterns of study site use. In addition, we find that females tended to increase in sociability as they aged while the opposite occurred in males. We also present evidence that social interaction may provide fitness benefits, where snakes that were part of a social network were more likely to have improved body condition. We demonstrate that conventional capture data can reveal valuable information on social structures in cryptic species. This is particularly valuable as research has consistently demonstrated that understanding social structure is important for conservation efforts. Additionally, research on the social patterns of animals without obvious social groups provides valuable insight into the evolution of group living.</p>
Data from: Heat stress conditions affect the social network structure of free‐ranging sheep
<p>Extreme weather conditions, like heatwave events, are becoming more frequent with climate change. Animals often modify their behaviour to cope with environmental changes and extremes. During heat stress conditions, individuals change their spatial behaviour and increase the use of shaded areas to assist with thermoregulation. Here, we suggest that for social species, these behavioural changes and ambient conditions have the potential to influence an individual's position in its social network, and the social network structure as a whole. We investigated whether heat stress conditions (quantified through the temperature humidity index) and the resulting use of shaded areas, influence the social network structure and an individual's connectivity in it. We studied this in free‐ranging sheep in the arid zone of Australia, GPS‐tracking all 48 individuals in a flock. When heat stress conditions worsened, individuals spent more time in the shade and the network was more connected (higher density) and less structured (lower modularity). Furthermore, we then identified the behavioural change that drove the altered network structure and showed that an individual's shade use behaviour affected its social connectivity. Interestingly, individuals with intermediate shade use were most strongly connected (degree, strength, betweenness), indicating their importance for the connectivity of the social network during heat stress conditions. Heat stress conditions, which are predicted to increase in severity and frequency due to climate change, influence resource use within the ecological environment. Importantly, our study shows that these heat stress conditions also affect the animal's social environment through the changed social network structure. Ultimately, this could have further flow on effects for social foraging and individual health since social structure drives information and disease transmission.</p>
Data and scripts from: Long term analysis of social structure: evidence of age-based consistent associations in male Alpine ibex
<p>The folder contains the data and scripts used to produce the manuscript: "Long term analysis of social structure: evidence of age-based consistent associations in Alpine ibex" by Alice Brambilla, Achaz von Hardenberg, Claudia Canedoli, Francesca Brivio, Cédric Sueur and Christina R Stanley.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.