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Supplementary material 1 from: Scherz MD, Rakotoarison A, Hawlitschek O, Vences M, Glaw F (2015) Leaping towards a saltatorial lifestyle? An unusually long-legged new species of Rhombophryne (Anura, Microhylidae) from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.4979

PDF-embedded 3D Skeletal Model: Explanation note: This file contains a PDF-embedded interactive 3D model of the skeleton of the holotype of Rhombophryne longicrus sp. n., ZSM 1630/2012, generated via X-ray micro-Computed Tomography. The model can be opened in Adobe® Acrobat Pro or Reader, versions IX and above

FIGURE 9 in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 9. Species of the Soratae subgroup of the genus Epidendrum present in Peru. Photographs by: Luis Ocupa Horna (A). M. Salas G. (B). J. D. Edquén (C–E). L. Valenzuela G. (F).

FIGURE 6 in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 6. Comparison between Epidendrum centralense (A) and Epidendrum soratae (B). The most obvious difference clearly visible in images of the flowers is the swollen vesicle, which starts at the base of the column in E. soratae, and behind the perianth in E. centralense. Photographs by Harold Rusbelth Quispe-Melgar.

FIGURE 7. Epidendrum centralense. A. Plant. B. Inflorescence. C in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 7. Epidendrum centralense. A. Plant. B. Inflorescence. C. Habitat. Photographs by Harold Rusbelth Quispe-Melgar.

FIGURE 8 in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 8. Species of the Soratae subgroup of the genus Epidendrum present in Peru. Illustrations by: W. Nauray (A). O. Pérez (B). R. Jiménez M. (C, D, F). M. López R. (E).

FIGURE 2 in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 2. Species number by department. The initials of the departments are detailed in the description of Table 1.

FIGURE 5 in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 5. Plate of Epidendrum centralense. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence C. Flower, lateral view. D. Dissected perianth. E-G. Column and ovary, ventral, lateral and dissected view. H. Anthercap and pollinarium. I. Capsule. Photographs and LCDP by Harold Rusbelth QuispeMelgar from the type, H.R. Quispe 128.

FIGURE 10 in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 10. Species of the Soratae subgroup of the genus Epidendrum present in Peru. Illustrations by: R. Jiménez M. (A–E). M. López R. & R. Jiménez M. (F).

FIGURE 1 in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 1. Distribution map of the species belonging to the Soratae subgroup of the Scabrum group present in Peru (including the new species described here). The number in parentheses indicates the number of restricted species for that department. The initials of the departments are taken from ISO 3166-2:PE.

FIGURE 3 in Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

FIGURE 3. Patterns of richness in relation to elevation of Peruvian Epidendrum species belonging to the Soratae subgroup, Scabum group. The dots indicate the mean elevation within the range for each species, while the length of the lines refer to the lowest and highest point within their elevation range.

Figure 7 from: Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Köhler J, Ratsoavina FM, Hawlitschek O, Megson S, Vences M, Glaw F (2020) Frogs of the genus Platypelis from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar: description of a new species and reports of range extensions. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.47088

Figure 7 Photographs in life of Platypelis tsaratananaensis from the Sorata Massif. a, bZSM 5655/2012 (FGZC 3648); c, dZSM 5654/2012 (FGZC 3647); e, fZSM 5656/2012 (FGZC 3649).

Figure 2 from: Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Köhler J, Ratsoavina FM, Hawlitschek O, Megson S, Vences M, Glaw F (2020) Frogs of the genus Platypelis from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar: description of a new species and reports of range extensions. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.47088

Figure 2 Approximate geographical location of occurrence records of the focal Platypelis species in our study (modified from Rakotoarison et al. 2012; showing only records for which molecular data are available). The map indicates elevation (green, lowest; red-yellow, highest). Localities and species occurring at these sites are as follows: (1–4) campsites on the Mangindrano-Maromokotro trail, Tsaratanana Massif (Antevialambazaha, Matsabory Maiky, Bepia, Andranomadio); (5) Bemanevika forest; (6) Andrevorevo; (7) Marojejy; (8) Sorata; (9) Andravory. Occurrence records of P. alticola (at sites 1–3, and a deep genetic lineage at 8), P. tsaratananaensis (at sites 1–3, and deep genetic lineages at 7 and 8), P. olgae (between sites 3 and 4), P. laetus sp. nov. and P. Ca12 (site 8), and P. sp. Ca13 (site 9).

Figure 4 from: Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Köhler J, Ratsoavina FM, Hawlitschek O, Megson S, Vences M, Glaw F (2020) Frogs of the genus Platypelis from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar: description of a new species and reports of range extensions. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.47088

Figure 4 Preserved holotype of Platypelis laetus sp. nov., ZSM 5652/2012 (FGZC 3761), in dorsal and ventral view.

Figure 6 from: Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Köhler J, Ratsoavina FM, Hawlitschek O, Megson S, Vences M, Glaw F (2020) Frogs of the genus Platypelis from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar: description of a new species and reports of range extensions. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.47088

Figure 6 Photographs in life of Platypelis alticola from the Sorata Massif. a, bZSM 1615/2012 (FGZC 3669); c Young tadpoles found in the same bamboo hole as ZSM 1615/2012; d, e UADBA-A (FGZC 3652).

Figure 3 from: Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Köhler J, Ratsoavina FM, Hawlitschek O, Megson S, Vences M, Glaw F (2020) Frogs of the genus Platypelis from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar: description of a new species and reports of range extensions. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.47088

Figure 3 Photographs in life of Platypelis laetus sp. nov. from the Sorata massif: a–cZSM 5652/2012 (FGZC 3761), holotype; d, eZSM 5651/2012 (FGZC 3588), paratype; f, gZSM 5653/2012 (FGZC 3762), paratype; h Eggs and embryos found in the same bamboo hole with the specimens ZSM 5652/2012 and ZSM 5653/2012.

Figure 1 from: Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Köhler J, Ratsoavina FM, Hawlitschek O, Megson S, Vences M, Glaw F (2020) Frogs of the genus Platypelis from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar: description of a new species and reports of range extensions. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.47088

Figure 1 Molecular differentiation of species of Platypelis, with an emphasis on samples related to P. alticola, P. tsaratananaensis, and P. olgae (the highland cluster, in the gray box). a Maximum Likelihood tree calculated from a 658 bp alignment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (5ʹ segment of the gene). Numbers at nodes are support values from a bootstrap analysis (1000 replicates) in percent (not shown if below 50%). A sequence of Stumpffia gimmeli was included as the outgroup. For each sample, voucher number and if available, GenBank accession number is given. Samples outside the P. olgae clade (yellow box) that are highlighted in bold are newly sequenced specimens from the Sorata Massif. b Allele (haplotype) network based on 433 bp of the nuclear RAG-1 gene (phased sequences, hence each individual represented with two alleles in the network). In the P. alticola and P. tsaratananaensis clusters, an S marks alleles in samples from Sorata and an M marks samples from Marojejy.

Figure 5 from: Rakotoarison A, Scherz MD, Köhler J, Ratsoavina FM, Hawlitschek O, Megson S, Vences M, Glaw F (2020) Frogs of the genus Platypelis from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar: description of a new species and reports of range extensions. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.47088

Figure 5 . Spectrogram and oscillogram of one advertisement call of Platypelis laetus sp. nov. from a call series recorded on 30 November 2012 at the type locality in Sorata, northern Madagascar. Although not unequivocally verifiable, the depicted call most probably was emitted by the male holotype (ZSM 5652/2012).

Figure 1 from: Scherz MD, Rakotoarison A, Hawlitschek O, Vences M, Glaw F (2015) Leaping towards a saltatorial lifestyle? An unusually long-legged new species of Rhombophryne (Anura, Microhylidae) from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.4979

Figure 1 - Measurement scheme used to measure Rhombophryne longicrus sp. n. and congeners for this study. Abbreviations are explained in Materials and Methods, as are cumulative measures such as forelimb and hindlimb length. * indicates IMCL.

Figure 3 from: Scherz MD, Rakotoarison A, Hawlitschek O, Vences M, Glaw F (2015) Leaping towards a saltatorial lifestyle? An unusually long-legged new species of Rhombophryne (Anura, Microhylidae) from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.4979

Figure 3 - Rhombophryne longicrus sp. n. in life. Holotype ZSM 1630/2012 in (a) dorsolateral and (c) ventral view. Paratype UADBA-A 60271 in (b) dorsolateral and (d) ventral view.

Figure 4 from: Scherz MD, Rakotoarison A, Hawlitschek O, Vences M, Glaw F (2015) Leaping towards a saltatorial lifestyle? An unusually long-legged new species of Rhombophryne (Anura, Microhylidae) from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.4979

Figure 4 - Osteology of the holotype of Rhombophryne longicrus, ZSM 1630/2012. Skull in (a) lateral, (b) dorsal, and (c) ventral view. Skeleton in (d) dorsal and (e) ventral view. Note: figures display only calcified structures; cartilages are omitted due to limitations of micro-CT scanning. Abbreviations: angspl = angulosplenial, col = columella, exoc = exoccipital, fpar = frontoparietal, max = maxillary, mmk = mentomeckelian, pmax = premaxilla, povom = postchoanal vomer+neopalatine, proot = prootic, prsph = parasphenoid, prvom = prechoanal vomer, pter = pterygoid, qj = quadratojugal, smax = septomaxilla, spheth = sphenethmoid, sq = squamosal.