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ARMOR and NALMA data corresponding to "Observations of anomalous charge structures in supercell thunderstorms in the Southeastern United States"
<p>Dataset includes dual-polarization C-band University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research (ARMOR) data in Raw and quality-controlled Universal Format (UF) from a selected period on 10 April 2009 as well as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (NALMA) data in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format from selected period on 10 April 2009. </p> <p>The ARMOR is located at the Huntsville International Airport in Huntsville, Alabama at 34.64597, -86.77131, 200 m MSL. A set of 15 radar sampling volumes between 1712 UTC and 1821 UTC on 10 April 2009 are included in the dataset. Each of the raw and corrected UF files contains horizontal reflectivity (dBZ), differential reflectivity (dB), Doppler velocity (m s<sup>-1</sup>), spectrum width (m s<sup>-1</sup>), differential phase (°), and total power (dBZ) data. The corrected UF files additionally contain horizontal reflectivity and differential reflectivity data corrected for attenuation and differential attenuation following the methods of Bringi et al. (2001). The corrected files also contain estimated differential propagation phase (°) and computed specific differential phase (° km<sup>-1</sup>) data (Hubbert and Bringi 1995). </p> <p> </p> <p>ARMOR file naming conventions are as follows: </p> <p> </p> <p>RAW_NA_000_125_20090410171216.gz</p> <p>RAW: file format</p> <p>125: can scan type, where 125 indicates a full or sector volume plan position indicator </p> <p>20090410171216: date and time in the order of year, month, day, hour, minute, and second</p> <p> </p> <p>ARMOR_20090410171216_qc1.uf.gz</p> <p>ARMOR: radar name</p> <p>20090410171216: date and time in the order of year (YYYY), month (MM), day (DD), hour (HH), minute (MM), and second (SS)</p> <p>qc1: denotes ARMOR processed data</p> <p>uf: denotes the file format </p> <p> </p> <p>NALMA data consist of undecimated VHF source-level lightning measurements in hourly files. The center of the network is located at 34.72461, -86.64533. The network consisted of 11 sensors distributed throughout north Alabama and south-central Tennessee. Information about contributing stations is available in the header of each hourly file, including the station location, status, and the number of sources detected by each station. Further network-specific information documented by Koshak et al. (2004) while Rison et al. (1999) discuss LMA characteristics.</p> <p>Source data include information about the time the source was detected (UTC seconds of the day), latitude and longitude (decimal degrees), altitude (m), reduced chi<sup>2</sup> value associated with post-processing (unitless), power (dBW), and a network mask indicating the detecting stations (unitless). The format is (f15.9 f10.6 f11.6f 7.1 f5.2 f5.1 4x). </p> <p> </p> <p>Hourly file naming conventions are as follows:</p> <p> </p> <p>LYLOUT_090410_160000_3600.dat.gz</p> <p>LYLOUT: LMA file designator</p> <p>090410: date in order of last two digits of year (YY), month (MM), and day (DD)</p> <p>160000: time in order of hour (HH), minute (MM), and second (SS)</p> <p>3600: length of period covered in file in seconds (3600 s = 1 hour)</p> <p> </p> <p>Acknowledgments: </p> <p>Data were collected with support from NASA MSFC Award NNM05AA22A.</p> <p> </p> <p>References:</p> <p>Bringi, V. N., Keenan, T. D., & Chandrasekar, V. (2001). Correcting C-band radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity data for rain attenuation: A self-consistent method with constraints. <em>IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing</em>, <em>39</em>(9), 1906–1915. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.951081</p> <p>Hubbert, J., and V. N. Bringi, 1995: An iterative filtering technique for the analysis of copolar differential phase and dual-frequency radar measurements. <em>Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology</em>, <strong>12</strong>, 643–648. </p> <p>Koshak, W. J., Solakiewicz, R. J., Blakeslee, R. J., Goodman, S. J., Christian, H. J., Hall, J. M., … Cecil, D. J. (2004). North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (LMA): VHF source retrieval algorithm and error analyses. <em>Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology</em>, <em>21</em>(4), 543–558. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0543:NALMAL>2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Rison, W., Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Hamlin, T., & Harlin, J. (1999). A GPS-based three-dimensional lightning mapping system: Initial observations in Central New Mexico. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, <em>26</em>(23), 3573–3576.</p>
Simulated river flow and temperature in regulated river systems in the southeastern United States
<p>Streamflow and stream temperature are important water resources variables, and regional-scale simulations are essential for water resources management and multi-sector assessment for large regions, e.g., regional ecological assessment and power system planning. In large-scale stream temperature modeling practices, reservoir thermal stratification is mostly ignored. We have synthesized a process-based modeling approach, consisting of a series of established models, to simulate streamflow and stream temperature for a complicated river-reservoir system, which explicitly considers thermal stratification. This approach consists of a large-scale, spatially-distributed hydrological model (Variable Infiltration Capacity or VIC; Liang et al., 1994; Hamman et al., 2018), a river routing model (Model for Scale Adaptive River Transport or MOSART; Li et al., 2013), coupled to a spatially-distributed water management model (WM; Voisin et al., 2013, 2017), and a stream temperature model (River Basin Model or RBM; Yearsley, 2009; 2012) that includes a two-layer reservoir thermal stratification module (2L; Niemeyer et al., 2018). To generate this dataset, we applied this modeling approach at a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatial resolution of 1/8º to river systems in the southeastern United States that include 271 major reservoirs. We used an ensemble of downscaled meteorological forcing data from 20 global climate models (GCM) based on RCP8.5 to simulate potential climate change impacts. This dataset includes simulated river flow and temperatures for both historical (1980-2009; 1980s) and future periods (2070-2099; 2080s). The simulations for the 1980s are based on the gridMet data set (Abatzolglou, 2013), which also forms the basis for the statistical downscaling that is applied to each of the climate models. All simulations for the 2080s are based on downscaled climate model outputs. This dataset includes streamflow and stream temperature using both unregulated and regulated model setups to quantify the impacts of reservoir regulations. The unregulated setup does not account for withdrawals and impoundments in the river system. The stream temperature in the unregulated model setups is constant in each river cross section. In the regulated setup, we explicitly considered reservoir regulation, thermal stratification, and water withdrawal. For a more detailed description of the model configuration, please see Cheng et al. (2020).</p> <p> </p> <p>File structure and filenames: The archive includes two directories, named “streamflow/” and “stream_temperature/”, which contain model output for streamflow and stream temperature, respectively. Within each directory, subdirectories named “regulated/” and “unregulated/” contain model output for the regulated and unregulated model setups, respectively. All data files are in netCDF format and provide model outputs at a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatial resolution of 1/8º. The unit for streamflow is m<sup>3</sup>/s and the unit for stream temperature is °C.</p> <p> </p> <p>Files are constructed as follows:</p> <p>SERC.<climate simulation>.RCP85.<model setup>.<variable>.nc</p> <p>where</p> <ul> <li><climate simulation> is either ‘historical’ for the simulation that represents the 1980s or an abbreviation that indicates the climate model for the simulations that represent the 2080s. The abbreviations for the climate models are shown in column 1 in the Table below.</li> <li><model setup> is either ‘regulated’ or ‘unregulated’ for the regulated and unregulated model setups, respectively.</li> <li><variable> is either ‘streamflow’ or ‘stream_temperature’ for streamflow and stream temperature, respectively.</li> </ul> <p>More details please see README.pdf</p>
ARMOR and NALMA data corresponding to 2008 storms analyzed in "Examining conditions supporting the development of anomalous charge structures in supercell thunderstorms in the Southeastern United States"
<p>Total lightning and dual-polarization Doppler velocity data are available from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (NALMA) and the C-band University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research (ARMOR), respectively, over selected periods on 6 February 2008 and 11 April 2008. NALMA data are provided in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format and ARMOR data are provided in Raw and quality-controlled Universal Format (UF), where quality control methods are described below. </p> <p> </p> <p>The NALMA data are provided in hourly files which include undecimated point location (source-level) data corresponding to the detection of very high frequency (VHF) radiation emitted during the breakdown of lightning (Rison et al., 1999; Thomas et al., 2001). Source locations were reported from active sensors configured in an 11-sensor array distributed throughout North Alabama and South Central Tennessee, the center of which is located at 34.72641, -86.64533 (Koshak et al. 2004). Data files include information on the time that each source was detected (UTC seconds of the day), the latitude, longitude, and altitude of each source’s location (decimal degrees and m, respectively), the reduced chi<sup>2</sup> value associated with data processing (unitless), a station mask indicating which sensors contributed to the resolved location of each source (unitless). These data are provided in a line-by-line format of (f15.9 f10.6 f11.6f 7.1 f5.2 f5.1 4x). The 2008 data files additionally include a header section that provides further information about each sensor in the network and its relative contribution to the dataset. </p> <p> </p> <p>The hourly fine naming conventions are as follows for the February 2008 data:</p> <p>LMA_NA_6.2_125_2008-02-06_10-00-00.dat.gz</p> <p>LMA_NA: LMA file designator corresponding to the NALMA</p> <p>2008-02-06: year (YYYY)-month (MM)-day (DD)</p> <p>10-00-00: UTC time, (HH)-minute (MM)-second (SS)</p> <p> </p> <p>And for the April 2008 data:</p> <p>LYLOUT_080411_180000_3600.dat.gz</p> <p>LYLOUT: LMA file designator</p> <p>080411: date in order of last two digits of year (YY), month (MM), and day (DD)</p> <p>180000: UTC time in order of hour (HH), minute (MM), and second (SS)</p> <p>3600: length of period covered in file in seconds (3600 s = 1 hour)</p> <p> </p> <p>ARMOR data are provided as sets of 14 (14) sampling volumes corresponding to the 6 February 2008 (11 April 2008) periods between 1002 UTC and 1119 UTC (1844 UTC and 1952 UTC). Each RAW and processed UF file contains horizontal reflectivity (dBZ), differential reflectivity (dB), Doppler velocity (m s<sup>-1</sup>), spectrum width (m s<sup>-1</sup>), differential phase (º), and total power (dBZ) data. Horizontal reflectivity and differential reflectivity data were corrected for attenuation and differential attenuation, differential propagation phase (º) was estimated, and specific differential phase (º km<sup>-1</sup>) was calculated during post-processing (Hubbert and Bringi 1995, Bringi et al. 2001).</p> <p> </p> <p>Acknowledgments: </p> <p>NALMA data were collected with support from NASA MSFC Award NNM05AA22A.</p> <p> </p> <p>References:</p> <p>Bringi, V. N., Keenan, T. D., & Chandrasekar, V. (2001). Correcting C-band radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity data for rain attenuation: A self-consistent method with constraints. <em>IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing</em>, <em>39</em>(9), 1906–1915. https://doi.org/10.1109/36.951081</p> <p>Hubbert, J., and V. N. Bringi, 1995: An iterative filtering technique for the analysis of copolar differential phase and dual-frequency radar measurements. <em>Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology</em>, <strong>12</strong>, 643–648. </p> <p>Koshak, W. J., Solakiewicz, R. J., Blakeslee, R. J., Goodman, S. J., Christian, H. J., Hall, J. M., … Cecil, D. J. (2004). North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (LMA): VHF source retrieval algorithm and error analyses. <em>Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology</em>, <em>21</em>(4), 543–558. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0543:NALMAL>2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Rison, W., Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Hamlin, T., & Harlin, J. (1999). A GPS-based three-dimensional lightning mapping system: Initial observations in Central New Mexico. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, <em>26</em>(23), 3573–3576.</p> <p>Thomas, R. J., Krehbiel, P. R., Hamlin, T., Harlin, J., & Shown, D. (2001). Observations of VHF source powers radiated by lightning. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, <em>28</em>(1), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011464</p> <p> </p>
Figures 1-4. Adult Rivula. 1 in A New Species of Rivula Guenée (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Southeastern United States
Figures 1-4. Adult Rivula. 1. Rivula pusilla Möschler. 1.4 mi WSW Anthony, Marion Co., Florida, 2 Jan. 2006, Terhune Dickel. 2. Rivula propinqualis Guenée. Edmundston, New Brunswick, 8 Sept 1987, Henry Hensel. 3. Rivula stepheni Sullivan. Holotype. Macpherson Creek, Ft. Bragg, Cumberland Co., N.C., 20 June 2001. J. Bolling Sullivan. 4. Rivula stepheni Sullivan. Croatan National Forest Road 3046, Craven Co., N.C., 7 April 1998, J. Bolling Sullivan.
Figures 11-12 in A New Species of Rivula Guenée (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Southeastern United States
Figures 11-12. Female genitalia of Rivula. 11. Rivula stepheni Sullivan. Craven Co., N. C. (JBS 2212). 12. Rivula propinqualis Guenée. Alleghany Co., N. C. (JBS 2210).
Figures 5-10 in A New Species of Rivula Guenée (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Southeastern United States
Figures 5-10. Male genitalia of Rivula. 5. Rivula stepheni Sullivan. Valves. Craven Co., N. C. (JBS 2290). 6. Aedeagus. Same data as valves. 7. Rivula propinqualis Guenée. Valves. Edmundston, New Brunswick (CNC Noc. 14849). 8. Aedeagus. Same data as valves. 9. Rivula pusilla Möschler. Valves. Marion Co., Florida (CNC Noc 14848). 10. Aedeagus. Same data as valves.
Figure 2 in Taxonomy and biology of Simulium clarkei Stone & Snoddy (Diptera: Simuliidae), a poorly known black fly of the southeastern United States
Figure 2. Variation in larval banding; dorsal view. a. Simulium clarkei from Salkehatchie River, South Carolina. b. Simulium clarkei from Meherrin River, North Carolina. c. Simulium emarginatum form Meherrin River, Virginia.
Figures 1–8. from A new species of Schinia Hubner from the southeastern United States (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Heliothinae) - ZooKeys 52: 57-64 (30 July 2010) https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.52.476
Figures 1–8. - Adults of Schinia species. 1 Schinia psamathea, male holotype 2 Schinia psamathea, male paratype 3 Schinia psamathea, male paratype 4 Schinia psamathea, male paratype 5 Schinia saturata, male 6 Schinia saturata, male 7 Schinia saturata, female 8 Schinia saturata, male.
Figures 9–12. from A new species of Schinia Hubner from the southeastern United States (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Heliothinae) - ZooKeys 52: 57-64 (30 July 2010) https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.52.476
Figures 9–12. - Abdomen and genitalia of Schinia psamathea. 9 Abdomen 10 Male genital capsule 11 Two lateral views of aedeagus 12 Female genitalia.
Figures 73–78 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 73–78. Male genitalia of Culicoides subgenus Diphaomyia, ventral view. 73) C. defoliarti-haematopotus, focused on aedeagus (A), paramere (P). 74) C. defoliarti-haematopotus, focused on ventral apodemes of gonocoxites (Gcva) and median lobes on parameres (Pml). 75) C. inyoensis, posterior projections on basal arms of aedeagus circled. 76) C. erikae, median lobes on parameres circled. 77) C. salihi, focused on aedeagus and parameres, posterior projections on basal arms of aedeagus (App). 78) C. salihi, focused on posterior portion of ventral apodemes of gonocoxites, circled.
Figures 104–109 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 104–109. Male genitalia of Culicoides subgenus Drymodesmyia, ventral view. 104) C. butleri (Greenlee County, AZ). 105) C. butleri (Gila County, AZ [FSCA]). 106) C. cacticola, bottom of basal arch of aedeagus delineated (San Diego County, CA [BM]). 107) C. jonesi (Greenlee County, AZ). 108) C. sitiens. 109) C. torridus, height (h) of basal arch of aedeagus indicated (San Diego County, CA [BM]).
Figures 63–65 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 63–65. Male genitalia of Culicoides subgenus Avaritia, ventral view. Upper images focused on aedeagus (A). Lower insets focused on caudal margin of tergite 9. Ventral apodeme of gonocoxite labeled (Gcva). Anteriordirected median process of aedeagus circled. 63) C. boydi (Riverside County, CA [BM]). 64) C. chiopterus (MD [FSCA]). 65) C. obsoletus (MD [FSCA]).
Figures 66–72 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 66–72. Male genitalia of Culicoides subgenus Silvicola, ventral view. 66) C. cockerellii (Bonneville County, ID). 67) C. freeborni (San Diego County, CA [BM]). 68) C. lahontan. 69) C. neofagineus (paratype, Mendocino County, CA [FSCA]). 70) C. neomontanus, basal and apical tips of aedeagus triangulated. 71) C. saltonensis (Imperial County, CA [FSCA]). 72) C. sierrensis (paratype, Modoc County, CA [FSCA]).
Figures 56–62. Culicoides reevesi. 56 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 56–62. Culicoides reevesi. 56) Female wing. 57) Male wing. 58) Female antennal flagellomeres 9 (f9) and 10 (f10). 59) Male antennal flagellomeres 9 (f9) and 10 (f10). 60) Female head. 61) Male genitalia, ventral view, focused on left paramere (P). 62) Focused on aedeagus, tip (At), subapical processes (Asp) (Lake County, CA).
Figures 88–93 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 88–93. Male genitalia of Culicoides, ventral view. 88) C. luglani, submedian processes of parameres circled. 89) C. crepuscularis, ventral apodeme of gonocoxite circled. 90) C. calexicanus, apices of parameres circled, apex of aedeagus delineated. 91) C. hawsi (paratype, Modoc County, CA [FSCA]). 92) C. palmerae, sharp lateral shoulders on median process of aedeagus indicated (A). 93) C. utahensis.
Figures 81–87 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 81–87. Male genitalia of Culicoides Piliferus group, ventral view. 81) C. cavaticus, focused on aedeagus. 82) C. cavaticus, focused on aedeagus arm base (Aab), basal head of paramere (Ph), ventral apodeme of gonocoxite (Gcva) (paratype, Sacramento County, CA [FSCA]). 83) C. cavaticus (Grand County, UT). 84) C. doeringae, focused on aedeagus. 85) C. doeringae, focused on basal head of paramere (Ph), ventral apodeme of gonocoxite (Gcva). 86, 87) C. Piliferus group species A variations.
Figures 46–49 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 46–49. Male genitalia of Culicoides subgenus Monoculicoides, ventral view. 46) C. sonorensis, focused on fused base of parameres (P). 47) C. sonorensis, focused on aedeagus (not to same scale), spicules circled. 48) C. occidentalis, focused on fused base of parameres (P). 49) C. occidentalis, focused on aedeagus (not to same scale).
Figures 41–45 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 41–45. Male genitalia of Culicoides, ventral view, gonocoxite (Gc), gonostylus (Gs), paramere (P), aedeagus (A), apicolateral processes of tergite 9 (T9alp), sternite 9 (S9). 41) C. mortivallis. 42) C. werneri (paratype, Pima County, AZ [FSCA]). 43) C. bottimeri. Spermathecae, rudimentary third spermatheca (rsp), sternite 8 (S8), sternite 9 (S9). 44) C. bottimeri. 45) C. stonei.
Figures 3–8 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 3–8. Female wings with cells (lower case) and veins (upper case) labeled. 3) Culicoides stonei. 4) C. atchleyi (Bonneville County, ID). 5) Leptoconops torrens. Female abdomen, ventral view. 6) L. torrens. 7) C. stonei. 8) L. californiensis, dorsal habitus (in alcohol, Yuma County, AZ [Carl Olson, with permission]).
Figures 20–26. 20 in Culicoides Latreille and Leptoconops Skuse biting midges of the southwestern United States with emphasis on the Canyonlands of southeastern Utah (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Figures 20–26. 20) Leptoconops knowltoni male genitalia, ventral view, aedeagus (A), parameres (P), tergite 9 ventro-posterior setae (s), apicolateral processes (T9alp), gonostylus apical lamelliform expansion (Gsle). 21) L. foulki male genitalia, ventral view. 22) L. knowltoni gonostylus, ventral setae (vs). 23 L. foulki gonostylus. 24) L. foulki parameres (P), proximal tooth (t). Male tarsomere 5, basal seta (bS). 25) L. knowltoni. 26) L. foulki.
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