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Fig. 6 in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 6. Leptanilloides prometea Delsinne & Donoso sp. nov. Paratype worker (specimen code 4052301). A. Head, ventral view. B. Mesotibial pectinate spur. C. Anterior part of the head in full-face view, showing vertical and fused frontal carinae, exposed antennal socket, well-developed lateroclypeal tooth, strongly convex clypeal lamella and subtriangular mandible with minute denticles along its inner margin. D. Lower part of propodeum in lateral view, showing the flange over the metapleural gland opening. E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Simple claw (hindleg).

Fig. 9 in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 9. Wings of Leptanilloides 'Male 4' (specimen code 4870101) and terminology used in the description. A. Forewing. B. Hindwing. Abbreviations: 2r-rs = second radial-radial sector crossvein, A = anal vein, C = costal vein, Cu = cubital vein, cu-a = cubital-anal crossvein, M = medial vein, M·f1 = first free abscissa of medial vein, M+Cu = fused medial-cubital veins, Pst = pterostigma, Rs+M = fused medial and radial sector veins, Rs = radial sector, Rs·f1 (to Rs·f5) = first (to fifth) free abscissa of radial sector vein, Sc+R = fused subcostal and radial veins, Sc+R1: fused subcostal and first radial veins.

Fig. 1 in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 1. Relationship between HL and WL among workers in species of Leptanilloides and Asphinctanilloides. Specimens measured are holotypes or paratypes. Measurements are in mm. WL is called Mesosoma Length (ML) in Borowiec & Longino (2011) and Silva et al. (2013). Triangles: the two Leptanilloides described in this paper (L. copalinga Delsinne & Donoso sp. nov. and L. prometea Delsinne & Donoso sp. nov.); diamonds: Leptanilloides biconstricta species-group (La: L. atlantica, Lb: L. biconstricta, Lc: L. caracola, Le: L. erinys, Lf: L. femoralis, Lg: L. gracilis, Li: L. improvisa, Ls: L. sculpturata); dots: Leptanilloides legionaria species-group (Ll: L. legionaria, Lm: L. mckennae, Lno: L. nomada, Lnu: L. nubecula); stars: Asphinctanilloides species (Aa: A. amazon Brandão et al., 1999, Aan: A. anae Brandão et al., 1999, Am: A. manauara Brandão et al., 1999).

Fig. 8 in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 8. Leptanilloides 'Male 4'(specimencode 4870101) from southern Ecuador. A. Head in full face view. B. Habitus in dorsal view. C. Habitus in lateral view.

Fig. 5 in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 5. Habitus in lateral view of paratype (specimen code 4060601) of Leptanilloides prometea Delsinne & Donoso sp. nov. Note the rounded anterior projection of the subpetiolar process, which differs from the acute shape observed in the specimen on Figs 4C and 6E.

Fig. 3 in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 3. Leptanilloides copalinga Delsinne & Donoso sp. nov. Paratype worker (specimen code 4006301). A. Anterior part of the head in full-face view, showing vertical and fused frontal carinae, exposed antennal socket, lateroclypeal tooth, strongly convex clypeal lamella and subtriangular mandible with minute denticles along its inner margin. B. Lower part of propodeum in lateral view, showing the long and sharp flange over the metapleural gland opening. C. Petiole in lateral view. D. Propodeum and petiole in dorsal view. E. Abdominal segment III (postpetiole) in lateral view. F. Mesotibial spur, short and pectinate.

Fig. 4 in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 4. Leptanilloides prometea Delsinne & Donoso sp. nov. – A–C. Paratype worker (specimen code 4052301). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Head in full-face view. C. Habitus, lateral view. – D. Apex of hindtibia; reservoir of metatibial gland is visible under translucent cuticle at the base of the tibial spur (paratype, specimen code 4052313).

Fig. 2 in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 2. Leptanilloides copalinga Delsinne & Donoso sp. nov. A–C. Paratype worker (specimen code 4006302). D–F. Holotype worker (specimen code 4006304). A, D. Habitus, dorsal view. B, E. Head in full-face view. C, F. Habitus, lateral view.

Fig. 7 in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 7. Leptanilloides prometea Delsinne & Denoso sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs of the metatibial apex of paratype worker (specimen code 4052301), showing the meta- tibial gland pore plate (arrow) at different magnifications.

Fig. 12. Neighbour-joining tree showing p in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 12. Neighbour-joining tree showing p-distances among DNA sequences of the wingless nuclear marker obtained for specimens of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823, Amyrmex Kusnezov, 1953 and Cylindromyrmex Mayr, 1870 (as outgroup), available in GenBank and sequenced here (specimen code 4052311). Labels provide species identifications and field IDs (in bold) or GenBank or BOLD numbers. Values at nodes correspond to the bootstrap values (%) and posterior probabilities obtained in the Neighbourjoining/parsimony/maximum likelihood/Bayesian inference analyses. Bootstrap values <80% and posterior probabilities <0.95 are not indicated.

Fig. 11. Neighbour-joining tree showing p in Two new species of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 (Formicidae: Dorylinae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 11. Neighbour-joining tree showing p-distances among DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI barcode fragment obtained for all specimens of Leptanilloides Mann, 1823 sequenced here and available in GenBank and BOLD. The tree was rooted with a COI sequence of Cylindromyrmex striatus Mayr, 1870 (GenBank accession number AY233723). Labels provide species identifications and field IDs (in bold) or GenBank or BOLD numbers. Values at nodes indicate bootstrap support only if it was above 80%.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2016View details →

FIG. 3 in A model for llama (Lama glama Linnaeus, 1758) domestication in the southern Andes

FIG. 3. — Representation of regional archaofaunas (% NISP), and time-trends for Camelidae, and Chinchillidae. Camelids increase over time, meanwhile the other animal resources diminishes.

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Data from: Caught in the act: Incipient speciation at the southern limit of Viburnum in the Central Andes

A fundamental objective of evolutionary biology is to understand the origin of independently evolving species. Phylogenetic studies of species radiations rarely are able to document ongoing speciation; instead, modes of speciation, entailing geographic separation and/or ecological differentiation, are posited retrospectively. The Oreinotinus clade of Viburnum has radiated recently from north to south through the cloud forests of Mexico and Central America to the Central Andes. Our analyses support a hypothesis of incipient speciation in Oreinotinus at the southern edge of its geographic range, from central Peru to northern Argentina. Although several species and infraspecific taxa of have been recognized in this area, multiple lines of evidence and analytical approaches (including analyses of phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, leaf morphology, and climatic envelopes) favor the recognition of just a single species, V. seemenii. We show that what has previously been recognized as V. seemenii f. minor has recently occupied the drier Tucuman-Bolivian forest region from Samaipata in Bolivia to Salta in northern Argentina. Plants in these populations form a well-supported clade with a distinctive genetic signature and they have evolved smaller, narrower leaves. We interpret this as the beginning of a within-species divergence process that has elsewhere in the neotropics resulted repeatedly in Viburnum species with a particular set of leaf ecomorphs. Specifically, the southern populations are in the process of evolving the small, glabrous, and entire leaf ecomorph that has evolved in four other montane areas of endemism. As predicted based on our studies of leaf ecomorphs in Chiapas, Mexico, these southern populations experience generally drier conditions, with large diurnal temperature fluctuations. In a central portion of the range of V. seemenii, characterized by wetter climatic conditions, we also document what may be the initial differentiation of the leaf ecomorph with larger, pubescent, and toothy leaves. The emergence of these ecomorphs thus appears to be driven by adaptation to subtly different climatic conditions in separate geographic regions, as opposed to parapatric differentiation along elevational gradients as suggested by Viburnum species distributions in other parts of the neotropics.

opencc-zeroJul 2024View details →

Fig. 7 in A new species of Pholidobolus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 7. Distribution of Pholidobolus in Ecuador. P. affinis (white circles); P. macbrydei (blue circles); P. montium (green circles); P. prefrontalis (orange circles); P. hillisi sp. nov (red circle).

Fig. 3 in A new species of Pholidobolus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 3. Head of five species of Pholidobolus in ventral view. (A) P. affinis; (B) P. hillisi sp. nov.; (C) P. macbrydei; (D) P. montium; (E) P. prefrontalis. Photographs by OTC.

Fig. 2 in A new species of Pholidobolus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 2. Head of the holotype (QCAZ 4998) of Pholidobolus hillisi sp. nov. in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. Photographs by OTC.

Fig. 5 in A new species of Pholidobolus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 5. Left hemipenis of Pholidobolus hillisi sp. nov. (QCAZ 4999) in sulcate (left), lateral (middle), and asulcate (right) views. Photographs by P. Nunes.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Pholidobolus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 1. Holotype (QCAZ 4998; SVL = 45.52 mm) of Pholidobolus hillisi sp. nov. in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Photographs by OTC.

Fig. 6 in A new species of Pholidobolus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 6. Maximum clade credibility tree inferred from the analysis of a dataset containing three mitochondrial genes under uncor- related, log normally distributed rates; branch lengths are in substitutions per site. Posterior probability values are shown above branches; asterisks correspond to values of 1.

Fig. 4 in A new species of Pholidobolus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Andes of southern Ecuador

Fig. 4. Five species of Pholidobolus from Ecuador. (A) P. affinis; (B) P. macbrydei; (C) P. montium; (D) P. prefrontalis; (E) P. hillisi sp. nov. Photographs by OTC (A, B, C, D) and S. R. Ron (E).