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46 results for “Southern Arizona”
Food-chain length in desert streams of central and southern Arizona, USA
## overview Food chain length (FCL) is a key measure of the vertical structure of food webs that determines energy flow through ecosystems, carbon exchange between freshwater ecosystems and the atmosphere, and rates of nutrient cycling. FCL also has a strong bearing on the biomass of green plants in ecosystems and hence on water quality in aquatic ecosystems. Broad-scale syntheses of controls on FCL in stream ecosystems indicate that FCL declines with discharge variation but, counter to theory, does not vary significantly with energy supply. The mechanisms linking discharge and energy to FCL are largely unresolved in streams. We propose that lack of a relationship between energy supply and FCL may be due to variation in efficiency of energy transfer caused by constraints of food quality, or to a temporal mismatch between measures of energy inputs and FCL. Alternatively, the effects of flow variation on FCL may simply be paramount to energy supply, but potential mechanisms linking flow to FCL remain untested. Regime shifts—punctuated change between strings of high- and low-flow events—may cause comprehensive faunal replacement across trophic levels and collapse of the vertical structure of food webs. FCL may change as a result of loss (or gain) of an apex predator, or as a result of changes in feeding relationships leading to apex predators that eat higher on the food chain. Finally, flow variation may indirectly influence FCL through inputs of limiting nutrients during floods. In desert streams, algae typically provide the primary source of energy, and algal production is limited by nitrogen (N). N loading from terrestrial ecosystems is strongly related to flow variation, particularly to the inter-flood interval (IFI) or duration of baseflow between floods. Long IFI leads to larger N pulses and potentially greater net ecosystem production (NEP), thereby providing an indirect effect of flow variation on FCL. Specific aims of the research include: 1) Quantify the effe
Figures 22–31 in A new species of Pseudouroctonus from the Pinaleño Mountains southern Arizona (Scorpiones Vaejovidae)
Figures 22–31: Pseudouroctonus moyeri sp. n., paratype male (USNM). Figures 22–25. Hemispermatophore internal (22), ventral (23), external (24), and dorsal (25) views. Figures 26–31. Mating plug dorsal (26), distal (27), ventral (28), proximal (29), internal (30), and external (31) views.
Figure 32–33 in A new species of Pseudouroctonus from the Pinaleño Mountains southern Arizona (Scorpiones Vaejovidae)
Figure 32–33. Pseudouroctonus moyeri sp. n., paratype juvenile female 4th instar (32) and female with newborns (33).
Figures 1–2 in A new species of Pseudouroctonus from the Pinaleño Mountains southern Arizona (Scorpiones Vaejovidae)
Figures 1–2. Pseudouroctonus moyeri sp. n., paratypes, female (1) and male shortly after last ecdysis (2).
FIGURE 5 in Vegetation and Flora of the Southern Black Mountains of West-Central Arizona
FIGURE 5. Some conspicuous plants in the southern Black Mountains-1. Nolina bigelovii (top). Calochortus kennedyi (bottom left). Eschscholzia glyptosperma (bottom right).
FIGURE 1 in Vegetation and Flora of the Southern Black Mountains of West-Central Arizona
FIGURE 1. Satellite image of the southern Black Mountains from Google Earth showing boundary (red) of floristic study area, and collecting locales (green) of the authors. The Colorado River, which forms the border between Arizona and California, is at left, and the Sacramento Valley is on the right. Nearby towns outside of the study area are indicated. Within the study area, Oatman (orange diamond) and Black Mesa are shown. Major roads in the vicinity are Interstate Hwy. 40 (=Arizona Hwy. 95) in purple, Arizona Hwy. 68 (traversing the Black Mountains through Union Pass) in yellow, Mohave Co. 10 (=old U.S. Hwy. 66 or "Oatman Road" northward/eastward from Oatman and traversing the eastern Black Mountains through Sitgreaves Pass, and "Oatman–Topock Hwy." southward/westward from Oatman to the Colorado River) in blue, and Mohave Co. 153 in pink. Inset map shows state of Arizona with Mohave County shaded in green, and the location of the satellite image.
FIGURE 8 in Vegetation and Flora of the Southern Black Mountains of West-Central Arizona
FIGURE 8. Some Cactaceae (stem succulents) that occur in the southern Black Mountains. Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (top left). Cylindropuntia bigelovii (top center). Opuntia polyacantha var. erinacea (top right). Mammillaria grahamii (center left). Ferocactus cylindraceus (center right). Opuntia basilaris (bottom left). Echinocereus coccineus (bottom right). Photos by the authors.
FIGURE 7 in Vegetation and Flora of the Southern Black Mountains of West-Central Arizona
FIGURE 7. Southern Black Mountains, plant communities-2. Creosote Bush Scrub near Warm Springs Wash (with Black Mesa in background) with Cylindropuntia spp., Encelia farinosa, and Larrea tridentata (top). Blackbrush Scrub south of Sitgreaves Pass with Coleogyne ramosissima (bottom). Photos by the authors.
FIGURE 6 in Vegetation and Flora of the Southern Black Mountains of West-Central Arizona
FIGURE 6. Species in the southern Black Mountains and their floristic affinities. Coleogyne ramosissima (top left; photo by Keir Morse, SEINet) and Grayia spinosa (top right; photo by C. Webber, © California Academy of Sciences, used with permission), occur in both Mohave and Great Basin deserts. Monardella eplingii, the only known plant species endemic to the Black Mountains (middle left; plant photo by and copyright reserved to M. Elvin, used with permission; inset photo showing inflorscence with flower by J. Anderson, used with permission). Psorothamnus fremontii var. attenuatus (bottom left; photo by Daniela Roth, SEINet) and Salvia mohavensis (bottom right; photo by A. Schusteff, with permission), occur in both Mohave and Sonoran deserts.
FIGURE 3 in Vegetation and Flora of the Southern Black Mountains of West-Central Arizona
FIGURE 3. Species in the southern Black Mountains that occur in both Mohave and Sonoran deserts-1. Yucca schidigera (top left). Carnegiea gigantea (top right; photo by E. Butler, provided by and used with permission of J. Pebworth, Arizona Game and Fish Department). Mohavea confertiflora (bottom left; photo by L. Makings, SEINet). Larrea tridentata (bottom right; photo by S. Carnahan, SEINet). Photos by the authors, except as noted
FIGURE 11 in Vegetation and Flora of the Southern Black Mountains of West-Central Arizona
FIGURE 11. Southern Black Mountains, plant communities-4. Desert Oasis Woodland in Bighorn Cave Canyon with overstory of Populus fremontii and Baccharis sergiloides in understory (top left). Streamside Marsh at Columbine Spring (looking downslope with series of step pools) with Aquilegia chrysantha and Mimulus verbenaceus (top right). Desert Oasis Woodland with Streamside Marsh at "Twin Spring," with Mimulus guttatus and Baccharis sergiloides in marsh understory (bottom left). High-Gradient Desert Wash Scrub above "Twin Spring" with Quercus turbinella (bottom right). Photos by the authors.
FIGURE 10 in Vegetation and Flora of the Southern Black Mountains of West-Central Arizona
FIGURE 10. Southern Black Mountains, plant communities-3. Pinyon-Juniper Woodland on saddle north of Mt. Nutt with Juniperus californica (top). Juniperus californica with female cones (center right). Pinus monophylla (bottom left). Branch with female cones of P. monophylla (bottom right). Photos by the authors
FIGURE 2 in Vegetation and Flora of the Southern Black Mountains of West-Central Arizona
FIGURE 2. Southern Black Mountains and plants communities-1. Panoramic view of western escarpment from Needles, California showing (arrows, from right): Black Mesa, Boundary Cone, and Mt. Nutt area (top). Mixed Desert Scrub on Black Mesa (southern portion of the flora area) with Bromus rubens (abundant ground cover), Cylindropuntia spp., Ephedra aspera, Nolina bigelovii, and Yucca schidigera (center). Mixed Desert Scrub at Secret Pass (northern portion of the flora area) with Juniperus californica (bottom). Photos by the authors.
Figure 11 in New species of Vaejovis from the Whetstone Mountains, southern Arizona (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)
Figure 11: Map of Arizona, extreme western New Mexico and northern Sonora (Mexico) showing the type locality of all 17 Vaejovis "vorhiesi" group species, including new species Vaejovis troupi. Localities are divided into those species exhibiting seven inner denticles (ID) on the chelal movable finger (white rectangles with black lettering) and those with primarily six, or five ID denticles (black rectangles with white lettering). Seven IDs: 1 = V. jonesi, 2 = V. lapidicola, 3 = V. paysonensis, 4 = V. crumpi, 5 = V. bigelowi, 14 = V. trinityae, 17 = V. grayae. Six IDs: 6 = V. vorhiesi, 7 = V. cashi, 8 = V. feti, 9 = V. deboerae, 10 = V. electrum, 11 = V. tenuipalpus 12 = V. halli, 13 = V. brysoni, 15 = V. bandido, 16 = V. grahami, and 18 = V. troupi sp. n.
Figure 9 in New species of Vaejovis from the Whetstone Mountains, southern Arizona (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)
Figure 9: Comparison of the relative positions of five patellar trichobothria et1–et3, est, and v3 of species Vaejovis troupi sp. n., V. grahami, and V. vorhiesi. Top. Trichobothria positions of the three female type specimens. Red lines indicate the angle formed by trichobothria est–et3–v3, contrasting V. troupi from the other two species. Bottom. Each individual pattern for a pedipalp patella is anchored at trichobothrium et1 while other trichobothria are plotted at their relative locations forming clusters. Red lines indicate the average angle formed by trichobothria est–et3–v3. Patterns of left patellae were reversed for these plots which are shown from a right-patella perspective. Only adult female specimens were used in these plots. Number below species name indicates the number of pedipalp patellae considered. Information for Vaejovis vorhiesi and V. grahami lectotype/holotype females was extracted from Graham (2007: fig. 9) and Ayrey & Soleglad (2014: fig. 11).
Figure 8 in New species of Vaejovis from the Whetstone Mountains, southern Arizona (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)
Figure 8: Chelal fixed finger dentition showing the number of inner denticles (ID). Left. Vaejovis troupi sp. n., holotype female (left fixed finger, reversed). Center. V. grahami, Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains. Right. V. vorhiesi, Miller's Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. Of particular interest, note that V. troupi has six ID denticles whereas the other two species exhibit only five ID denticles. Internal trichobothria ib and it are shown.
Figures 2-6 in New species of Vaejovis from the Whetstone Mountains, southern Arizona (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)
Figures 2-6: Vaejovis troupi sp. n., female holotype. 2. Metasoma and telson, ventral and lateral views. 3. Carapace and closeup of lateral eyes. 4. Pedipalp chela, external view, patella and femur, dorsal views. 5. Right leg III basitarsus and tarsus, ventral view. 6. Chelal fixed and movable fingers, each exhibiting six inner denticles (ID).
Figure 17 in Serradigitus miscionei (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae), a new species from southern Arizona
Figure 17: Distribution of Serradigitus miscionei, sp. nov., showing the locations of the San Pedro and Santa Cruz Rivers. The (X) is the holotype location and (square) a paratype location.
Figures 8–15 in Serradigitus miscionei (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae), a new species from southern Arizona
Figures 8–15: Serradigitus miscionei, sp. nov., female paratype, Walnut Gulch, Cochise Co., Arizona, USA. 8. Carapace. 9. Chela, lateral view. 10. Chelal fingers, internoventral view, showing the position of trichobothria ib–it and six and seven inner denticles (ID) of the fixed and movable fingers, respectively. 11. Chelal fingers, external view, showing the highly serrated outer (OD) and median (MD) denticles, diagnostic of the genus. 12. Left pecten showing the lack of peg sensilla on the basal tooth and reduced developed of sensilla on second basal tooth. 13. Metasomal segment V and telson, ventral and lateral views. 14. Closeup of telson aculeus, ventral view, showing the development of the Laterobasal Aculear Serrations (LAS) with seven to eight serrations. 15. Tarsus, left leg III, showing pedal spurs, ventral row of median spinules, and single pair of distal spinules.
Figure 4 in Serradigitus miscionei (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae), a new species from southern Arizona
Figure 4: Serradigitus miscionei, sp. nov., female holotype, Walnut Gulch, Cochise Co., Arizona, USA. Trichobothrial pattern.
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