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31 results for “Sparassodonta”
FIG. 16 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 16. Borhyaena tuberata MPM-PV 3625 from Puesto Estancia La Costa, Santa Cruz, Argentina; Santa Cruz Formation; Santacrucian, Early Miocene. Ventral view of A, the caudal cranium, with B, key; and MACN-A 5922 (C). Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; cs, carotid sulcus; eam, external acoustic meatus; ewal, alisphenoid epitympanic wing; EX, exoccipital; ffc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; gf, glenoid fossa; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; ji, jugular incisure; pcp, paracondylar process; PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; ptp, posttympanic process; SQ, squamosal. Unusually, in this specimen the caudal aperture of the inferior petrosal sinus is completely ringed by basioccipital bone. More often, the aperture opens in the basicapsular fissure, between the petrosal and basioccipital, in advance of the jugular foramen. Because the roof of the tympanic cavity is incompletely prepared, actual boundaries of the piriform fenestra are unknown. Asterisk (*) indicates groove for medial contact of petrosal. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 9 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 9. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344, in A, oblique ventral and B, lateroventral views, with C, general key. Note that in A the detached bulla is in its original position. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; eam, external acoustic meatus;?EC,?ectotympanic; ewal, alisphenoid epitympanic wing; ewsq, squamosal epitympanic wing; EX, exoccipital; ffc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; for, foramen rotundum; FR, frontal; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgc, postglenoid canal;?sat,?sulcus for the auditory tube; sfn, septum for facial nerve; sjf, secondary jugular foramen; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; SQ, squamosal. Dashed line on left bulla marks suture track, the accuracy of which is undetermined. Asterisk (*) indicates unprepared area, within which the primary jugular foramen is located. The canal conducting the internal jugular and cranial nerves through the left bulla to the secondary jugular foramen on the latter's outer wall can be seen in B (broken during removal of right bulla, no longer identifiable on basicranium). Crosshatching indicates damage due to erosion or bullar removal. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 12 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 12. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344. Digital reconstruction of the fragmentary left ectotympanic based on micro-CT data in A, rostral, B, lateral, and C, medial views. D, horizontal section of the left middle ear in dorsal view, showing fragments of ectotympanic (asterisk, *). Abbreviations: BO, basioccipital; cac, caudal crus;?chtym, groove for chorda tympani nerve (CNVII); ctpsq, caudal tympanic process of squamosal; cty, crista tympani; eam, external acoustic meatus; EC, ectotympanic; jfis, jugular fissure;?gma, groove for rostral process of malleus; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); pgc, postglenoid canal; roc, rostral crus; rtpsq, rostral tympanic process of squamosal; SQ, squamosal; stp, styliform process (= anterolateral process of ectotympanic); tpex, tympanic process of exoccipital.
FIG. 26 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 26. Features related to blood vessels in representative sparassodonts: A, Thylacosmilus atrox, external features (based on Thylacosmilus atrox, holotype, FMNH P14531); B–C, Lycopsis longirostrus, external and internal features (based on UCMP 38061 and Marshall, 1977b) Abbreviations: bsp, basilar plexus; cc, carotid canal; CNV3, mandibular branch of trigeminal (cranial) nerve; CNVII, facial (cranial) nerve; CNXII, hypoglossal (cranial) nerve; cars, cavernous sinus; csvs, cerebrospinal venous system; cv, condyloid vein; cvv, craniovertebral vein; cx, canal x (see fig. 6 and text); evfo, emissary vein of foramen ovale; fo, foramen ovale;?fsp, foramen spinosum; hf, hypoglossal foramen; iam, internal acoustic meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ijv, internal jugular vein; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jf, jugular foramen; mmv, middle meningeal vein; ophv, ophthalmic vein; ramx, ramus anastomoticus; sev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sjf, secondary jugular foramen; smf, stylomastoid foramen; sphev, sphenoidal emissary vein (= vein of Vesalius); sphps, sphenoparietal sinus; sps, superior petrosal sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus. Only major channels are indicated. The position and relations of most of the large vessels leaving impressions on the basicranium, such as the internal carotid, sphenoparietal emissary vein, and inferior petrosal sinus are not controversial. However, other features, also evidently related to vasculature, have received less attention. As explained in the text, in addition to CNV3, in Thylacosmilus the foramen ovale may have transmitted a large vein to the extracranial pharyngeal plexus. In the absence of a functioning and intact stapedial system, the foramen here identified as the foramen spinosum (?fsp) may have given passage to an anastomotic ramus running from the maxillary artery to the meningeal system, although this task could have been performed by other vessels (e.g., the ophthalmic artery) that have left no mark. The large groove identified as the basijugular sulcus (bjs, see fig. 6), connecting the caudal aperture for the inferior petrosal sinus to the hypoglossal foramen/foramina in many sparassodonts, surely transported the sinus itself. However, instead of leaving for the internal jugular vein, the inferior petrosal sinus seems to have re-entered the endocranium through one or another of the hypoglossal foramina, only to immediately leave again through the foramen magnum, now as the (conjectured) craniovertebral vein (cvv). Asterisk (*) indicates the likely connection between the internal jugular vein and the craniovertebral vein. How drainage through the sinus in this scenario would have related to that through the internal jugular system is unclear. There is some indication that the internal jugular was relatively small in size, although how this affected endocranial drainage cannot be inferred from the material available. In all investigated sparassodonts the posttemporal foramen for the diploic artery and vein are missing. Thylacosmilus evidently lacked a transverse venous foramen, but one is present in Lycopsis and other taxa (see text).
FIG. 6 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 6. Thylacosmilus atrox, holotype, FMNH P14531. Basicranium in A, ventral view, with B, key. Shaded areas represent incompletely prepared or restored areas. Foraminal locations mostly indicated on specimen's better-preserved left side. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; ctpsq, caudal tympanic process of squamosal; cx, canal x (see text); eam, external acoustic meatus; EX, exoccipital; fo, foramen ovale; for, foramen rotundum;?fsp, foramen spinosum; gf, glenoid fossa; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; otcr, orbitotemporal crest; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process of squamosal; ptp, posttympanic process of the squamosal;?sat, sulcus for the auditory tube; smf, stylomastoid foramen; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; SQ, squamosal; st, sphenoidal tubercle; sjf, secondary jugular foramen; tpex, tympanic process of exocipital. Arrow indicates direction to or position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 21. Digital 3-D in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 21. Digital 3-D reconstructions of the left osseous labyrinth of selected sparassodonts, based on micro- CT data in A, D, G, lateral, B, E, H, ventral, and C, F, I, dorsal views. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344 (A–C); Sipalocyon gracilis, AMNH VP 9254 (D–F), and Borhyaena tuberata, YPM PU 15120 (G–I; right petrosal inverted). Abbeviations: aam, anterior ampulla; asc, anterior semicircular canal; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cco, crus commune; chlc, cochlear canaliculus (= aqueductus cochlearis); co, cochlea; fc, fenestra cochleae; fv, fenestra vestibuli; lam, lateral ampulla; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pam, posterior ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal.
FIG. 17. Monodelphis domestica AMNH M 133247 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 17. Monodelphis domestica AMNH M 133247. Ventral view of the caudal cranium. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; at, aperture for auditory tube; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; ct, tympanic cavity; eam, external acoustic meatus; EC, ectotympanic; ewal, epitympanic wing of alisphenoid; EX, exoccipital; ffc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; gf, glenoid fossa; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jf, jugular foramen; mp, mastoid process of petrosal; pcp, paracondylar process; PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; ptc, pterygoid canal; ptp, posttympanic process; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; smef, suprameatal foramen; SQ, squamosal; tc, transverse canal; tpal, tympanic process of alisphenoid. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 4 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 4. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344 (Río Santa María, Chiquimil, Catamarca, Argentina; Andalgalá Formation; Huayquerian, Late Miocene). Skull in A, dorsal and B, ventral views. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; BO, basioccipital; C, upper canine; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; cps, caudal paratympanic space; ctpsq, caudal tympanic process of squamosal; eam, external acoustic meatus; EX, exoccipital; fo, foramen ovale; for, foramen rotundum; FR, frontal; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); MX, maxilla; nc, nuchal crest; PA, parietal; rt, rami temporales; s, sagittal crest; sjf, secondary jugular foramen; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; SQ, squamosal; tl, temporal line; tpex, tympanic process of exoccipital. Arrow indicates direction to or position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 11. Thylacosmilus atrox MMP 1443-M. A in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 11. Thylacosmilus atrox MMP 1443-M. A, detail of the basicranium, with B, key. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; ctpsq, caudal tympanic process of squamosal; eam, external acoustic meatus; EX, exoccipital; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale;?fsp, foramen spinosum; gf, glenoid fossa; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; pgf, postglenoid foramen; ptp, posttympanic process of the squamosal; sjf, secondary jugular foramen; smf, stylomastoid foramen; SQ, squamosal; st, sphenoidal tubercle; tpex, tympanic process of exoccipital. Arrow indicates direction to or position of features hidden by other structures and shading indicates damage or reconstruction.
FIG. 1 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 1. Diversity of sparassodonts through time. Lines representing the diversity curve based on number of species (black blocks) as predicted by the fossil record (Lazarus taxa not included). Possible fossil record biases include hiatuses (time spans lacking known fossils), different taxon durations, and averaging of biochronological units. Other biases which may mask the real diversity pattern include inadequate or imprecise chronological ages for associations determined by radiometric dating, as well as differences in sampling effort across temporal units or geographical regions (Prevosti and Forasiepi, 2018). Dot cluster indicates the temporal span of Thylacosmilus atrox from the Late Miocene (Huayquerian) to Pliocene (Chapadmalalan). Scale: 1:1 species.
FIG. 5. Thylacosmilus atrox MMP 1443-M in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 5. Thylacosmilus atrox MMP 1443-M (Chapadmalal, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Chapadmalal Formation; Chapadmalalan, mid-Pliocene). Skull in A, lateral and B, dorsal views. Abbreviations: cod, occipital condyle; eam, external acoustic meatus; FR, frontal; MX, maxilla; NA, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; PA, parietal; rt, ramus temporalis; s, sagittal crest; SQ, squamosal; tl, temporal line.
FIG. 3 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 3. Thylacosmilus atrox, holotype, FMNH P14531 (Hualfin, Catamarca, Argentina; Corral Quemado Formation; Chapadmalalan, mid-Pliocene). Skull in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views. Abbreviations: cod, occipital condyle; eam, external acoustic meatus; FR, frontal; MX, maxilla; NA, nasal; nc, nuchal crest; PA, parietal; rt, rami temporales; s, sagittal crest; SQ, squamosal; tl, temporal line.
FIG. 15. Prothylacynus patagonicus MACN-A 5931 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 15. Prothylacynus patagonicus MACN-A 5931 from Corriguen-Kaik, Santa Cruz, Argentina; Santa Cruz Formation; Santacrucian, Early Miocene. Ventral view of A, the caudal cranium, with B, key. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; codf, condyloid foramen; cs, carotid sulcus; eam, external acoustic meatus; ewsq, squamosal epitympanic wing; EX, exoccipital; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; fs, facial sulcus; hf, hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jf, jugular foramen; pcp, paracondylar process; PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; ptp, posttympanic process; SQ, squamosal; tc, transverse canal. In this taxon, the more rostral foramen, opening into the basijugular sulcus, is tiny, and it presumably did not carry the hypoglossal nerve. For this reason, we identify it as a strictly venous foramen. Asterisk (*) indicates putative suture between alisphenoid and squamosal. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 13 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 13. Cladosictis patagonica YPM PU 15170, from locality 15 km south of Coy Inlet, Santa Cruz, Argentina; Santa Cruz Formation, Santacrucian, Early Miocene. Stereo pairs of left ectotympanic in A, lateral and B, medial views, with C, D, keys. Abbreviations: cac, caudal crus; chtym, groove for chorda tympani nerve (CNVII); cty, crista tympani; gma, groove for rostral process of malleus; roc, rostral crus; stp, styliform process (= anterolateral process of the ectotympanic); tyi, tympanic incisure. Asterisk (*) indicates tubercles.
FIG. 19 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 19. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344. Model of the left petrosal based on 3-D reconstruction from micro-CT data, in A, tympanic, B, lateral, C, and cerebellar views. The petrosal is damaged and the osseous labyrinth is partly exposed. Abbreviations: amf, anteromedial flange; asc, anterior semicircular canal (exposed by breakage); chlc, cochlear canaliculus (= aqueductus cochlearis); co, cochlea (exposed by breakage); csc, cavum supracochleare (exposed by breakage); ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; ffc, fossula fenestrae cochleae (= round window); fsm, fossa for stapedius muscle; fv, fenestra vestibuli (= oval window); gpn, groove for greater petrosal nerve; iam, internal acoustic meatus; ips, sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus; lsc, lateral semicircular canal (exposed by breakage); pr, promontorium; psc, posterior semicircular canal (exposed by breakage); saf, subarcuate fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; tt, tegmen tympani; ttf, tensor tympani fossa. Asterisk (*) indicates breakage.
FIG. 24 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 24. Monodelphis domestica (DUCEC), pouch young, coronal sections through the auditory region. In A–C, the internal carotid artery is seen passing into the endocranium in company with the internal carotid vein. Also indicated is the formation of the nerve of the pterygoid canal by the conjunction of the greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerves. In D, note position of the inferior petrosal sinus, situated intracranially adjacent to the central stem and otic capsule. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; at, auditory tube; BS, basisphenoid; bsp, basilar plexus; cars, cavernous sinus; CNV, trigeminal (cranial) nerve; CNV3, mandibular branch of trigeminal (cranial) nerve; co, cochlear duct; ct, tympanic cavity; D, dentary; dpn, deep petrosal nerve (icn fibers passing out of tympanic plexus); EC, ectotympanic; fm, fibrous membrane of tympanic cavity; G, gonial; gg, geniculate ganglion (CNVII); gpn, greater petrosal nerve (CNVII); hy, hypophysis; ica, internal carotid artery; icn, internal carotid nerve (to tympanic plexus); icv, internal carotid vein; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lpn, lesser petrosal nerve (CNIX); Mc, Meckel's cartilage; mpt, medial pterygoid muscle; mxv, maxillary vein; nph, nasopharynx; oc, oral cavity; ot, otic capsule; pa, processus alaris; phv, pharyngeal venous plexus; ttm, tensor tympani muscle. Histological serial section number indicated at top left. Numbers ascend in caudal direction.
FIG. 23 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 23. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344. Pneumatization of the left middle ear based on 3-D reconstructions from micro-CT data in A, lateral, B, medial, and C, rostral views. Osseous labyrinth in pink and petrosal shown as semitransparent. Minor evaginations of the ventral paratympanic space not separately identified. Abbreviations: cps, caudal paratympanic space; ct, tympanic cavity; eam, external acoustic meatus; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); vps, ventral paratympanic space.
FIG. 18. Sarcophilus lanarius AMNH M 65673 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 18. Sarcophilus lanarius AMNH M 65673. Caudal cranium in A, ventral and B, detailed oblique views. The tympanic floor is formed by the ectotympanic in the meatal area, plus the alisphenoid tympanic process and the rostral and caudal tympanic processes of the petrosal (last two fused into one structure). The exoccipital makes no contribution. Note extratympanic piriform fenestra. Abbreviations: AL, alisphenoid; at, aperture for auditory tube; bjs, basijulugar sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; cod, occipital condyle; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; eam, external acoustic meatus; EC, ectotympanic; ewal, alisphenoid epitympanic wing; EX, exoccipital; fmg, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale (represented by its secondary aperture, which is bridged by a projection of the alisphenoid tympanic process—the anteromedial bullar lamina, following Pavan and Voss, 2016); gf, glenoid fossa; hfc, caudal hypoglossal foramen; hfr, rostral hypoglossal foramen; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; jf, jugular foramen; lps, lateral paratympanic space (= epitympanic sinus); pcp, paracondylar process; PE, petrosal; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pr, promontorium; ptp, posttympanic process; rps, rostral paratympanic space; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; smf, stylomastoid foramen; SQ, squamosal; tc, transverse canal; tpal, tympanic process of alisphenoid. Arrow indicates the direction to or the position of features hidden by other structures.
FIG. 22 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 22. Thylacosmilus atrox, paratype, FMNH P14344, showing the angular relationship between plane of horizontal lateral semicircular canal (LSC) and the floor of the skull following De Beer (1947). A, Reconstruction of skull in lateral view oriented with horizontal LSC; B, inner ear in lateral view as positioned in the head; and C, parasagittal section, illustrating method of measurement (see text).
FIG. 27 in Caudal Cranium Of Thylacosmilus Atrox (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), A South American Predaceous Sabertooth
FIG. 27. Developmental contrasts in ontogeny of carotid foramen in representative marsupial and placental taxa: A, Lepus sp. (reconstruction, 45 mm CRL); B, Perameles sp. (reconstruction, 23 mm CRL); C, Monodelphis domestica (ZIUT; 15d postpartum, head, cleared and stained); D, Macropus eugenii (29 mm CRL); and E, Hemicentetes semispinosus (MPIH 1964/45, near-term fetus; 40 mm CRL). Abbreviations for A and B (from De Beer, 1937): acc, alicochlear commissure; ali, alisphenoid bone; at, ala temporalis; bcf, basicochlear (= basicapsular) fissure; bo, basioccipital bone; bs, basisphenoid bone; ds, dorsum sellae; exo, exoccipital bone; fac, internal acoustic meatus; fc, carotid foramen; fen, endolymphatic canal; fo, optic foramen; fpc, foramen prechiasmaticum; fpo, foramen pseudopticum; fr, foramen rotundum; fro, frontal bone; fsa, subarcuate fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramen; ip, interparietal; jug, jugal bone; lpc, lateral prefacial commissure; max, maxillary bone; nas, nasal bone; pal, processus alaris; par, parietal bone; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, preoptic root of orbital cartilage; sob, supraoccipital bone; sq, squamosal bone. Abbreviations for C –E: AL, alisphenoid; at, auditory tube; BS, basisphenoid; cars, cavernous sinus; CNV, trigeminal (cranial) nerve; co, cochlear duct; ct, cavum tympani (= tympanic cavity); D, dentary; EC, ectotympanic; fc, carotid foramen; G, gonial; gpn, greater petrosal nerve (CNVII); ica, internal carotid artery; icn, internal carotid nerve; icv, internal carotid vein; Mc, Meckel's cartilage; mpt, medial pterygoid muscle; pa, processus alaris; pf, piriform fenestra; pr, promontorium; SQ, squamosal; tpbs, tympanic process of basisphenoid; ttm, tensor tympani muscle. In E, pair of asterisks (*) indicates the cartilaginous alichochlear commissures being replaced by bone, forming the definitive carotid foramen.
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